Prophase
How many stages are in Mitosis
What is the 2nd stage of Mitosis
Prometaphase
The cell has a checkpoint that ensures every chromosome is properly attached and under tension before allowing the cell to proceed to the next stage.
The Spindle Checkpoint
like kinesin and dynein, are crucial in this process, walking along the microtubules to move the chromosomes and other spindle components.
Motor Proteins
What happens when they begin to uncoil and become less condensed, returning to a more diffuse state.
Chromosomes Decondense
What is The membrane surrounding the nucleus disintegrates, releasing the chromosomes into the cell's cytoplasm.
Nuclear envelope break down
Mitotic Spindle Mircrotbules from the centrosomes extend into the nuclear area and attach to the kinetochores.
Microtbule Attachment
What Is the 3rd Stage of mitosis
Metaphase
The movement involves two processes: Anaphase A, the poleward movement of chromosomes, and Anaphase B, the separation of the spindle poles themselves.
Anaphase A and B
A new nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes, establishing two separate nuclei within the cell.What is this
Nuclear envelope reforms
What is The long, thin strands of DNA and tightly coil to form distinct, visible chromosomes, each composed of two identical sister chromatids joined at the centromere
Chromatin Condensation
The attachment of microtubules to kinetochores is an error-prone process, and prometaphase involves mechanisms to correct these errors, ensuring proper alignment before the cell enters anaphase.
Error Correction
The chromosomes are tugged back and forth by the spindle fibers until they are under balanced tension from both poles.
Bipolar Tension
The duplicated chromosomes, which were aligned at the cell's center in metaphase, now separate at their centromeres.
Sister Chromatid Seperation
What is the physical division of the cell's cytoplasm, usually starts during telophase and is often complete by the end of this stage.
Cytokinesis
What is The mitotic spindle, made of microtubules, begins to form from the centrosomes, which migrate to opposite poles of the cell.
The Spindle formation
Protein complexes called kinetochores assemble at the centromeres of each sister chromatid.
Kinetochores Formation
All replicated chromosomes (each made of two sister chromatids) line up along the metaphase plate at the cell's equator.
Chromosome Alignment
The cell elongates as the spindle poles are pushed further apart, which is part of the process of anaphase B.
Cell Elongation
Telophase ensures that the separated genetic material is enclosed in new nuclei.
Completes nuclear division
What is the first stage of Mitosis
Prophase
Prometaphase establishes the necessary connections between the chromosomes and the mitotic spindle, which are critical for the accurate segregation of genetic material into the two daughter cells.
Preparation for separation
Microtubules from opposite poles of the spindle attach to the kinetochores of each chromosome.
Spindle Fiber Attachment
What is the 4th stage of Mitosis
Anaphase
What is The Final Stage of Mitosis
Telophase