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PMAT
MITOSIS
MEIOSIS
VOCAB
MISC.
100
What is PMAT?
An acronym for the phases of mitosis, which can still be applied to most of the phases in meiosis.
100
What is mitosis?
The process in which the nucleus divides to form two identical nuclei.
100
What is Meiosis?
Reproductive process that produces 4 haploid cells from one diploid cell and ensures offspring will have the same number of chromosomes as the parent organism
100
What is a cell?
A usually microscopic structure containing nuclear and cytoplasmic material enclosed by a semipermeable membrane and, in plants, a cell wall; the basic structural unit of all organisms.
100
How many chromosomal pairs do humans have?
23 pairs.
200
What does PMAT stand for (not the phases, but the simple steps that start with the same letter)?
Prepare (by chromosomes condensing and copying) Middle (lined up in) Apart (pulled) Two new cells
200
6. Mitosis is a cycle, so interphase happens twice.
How many stages are there in Mitosis?
200
Is meiosis a cycle? Why or why not?
NO. Meiosis produces 4 haploid cells (cells with half the number of chromosomes), each one genetically different from the other. The 4 cells produced are COMPLETELY different than the original diploid cell.
200
What is a chromosome?
A threadlike linear strand of DNA and associated proteins in the nucleus of animal and plant cells that carries the genes and functions in the transmission of hereditary information.
200
What is the relationship between DNA, genes, and chromosomes?
DNA is bundeled up into genes, which are then bundeled up into chromosomes.
300
What are the actual phases of PMAT?
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
300
What kind of cells never go through mitosis, and what phase are they ALWAYS in?
Nerve and muscle cells.
300
How many cells does meiosis produce? Are they identical?
Meiosis produces 4 cells! NO, THEY ARE NOT IDENTICAL!! Each one is genetically different.
300
What is the difference between haploid and diploid cells?
Haploid cells: 23 chromosomes Diploid cells: 46 chromosomes, or 23 PAIRS
300
What's the difference between asexual and sexual reproduction? Give examples of each.
Asexual reproduction- The process which of forming new cells identical to the parent ones. Fission, mitosis, regeneration, budding. Sexual reproduction- The production of new living organisms by combining genetic information from two individuals of different types (sexes). Meiosis.
400
What is one stage that is NOT included in PMAT? Why?
Interphase. Interphase ISN'T included in PMAT because it's the stage where the cell is doing the things that that SPECIFIC cell is supposed to do. It's the beginning and the end result.
400
In animals, the completion of meiosis is followed soon by_________________ (fill in the blank)
Mitosis.
400
What are 2 *simple* mistakes that can occur during meiosis?
1) Homologues (chromosomes that have the same kind of genetic information) might not separate during meiosis 2) A fragment of a chromosome can be lost.
400
What is a zygote?
The cell formed after the two gametes are fertilized.
400
What can occur when an organism has a chromosomal anomaly?
-Generally live shorter life spans -Have mental/physical defects -Every cell in the body is produced with the abnormality -Down syndrome is an example
500
How is prophase 1 different in Meiosis than prophase in Mitosis?
-In mitosis, similar pairs of chromosomes DO NOT LINE UP -In meiosis, chromosome pairs LINE UP and genetic exchange takes place between non-sister chromatids
500
Summarize the basic process of Mitosis (including mitosis)-> list the phases.-Interphase: the cell spends the majority of its time and performs the majority of its purposes -Prophase: the chromatin condenses into a highly ordered structure called a chromosome -Metaphase: chromosomes, carrying genetic information, align in the middle of the cell -Anaphase: chromosomes separate -Telophase: When the cells begin to divide
-Interphase: the cell spends the majority of its time and performs the majority of its purposes -Prophase: the chromatin condenses into a highly ordered structure called a chromosome -Metaphase: chromosomes, carrying genetic information, align in the middle of the cell -Anaphase: chromosomes separate -Telophase: When the cells begin to divide
500
Why are the cells produced in meiosis NOT identical?
It has to do with a process called 'crossing over', which happens in prophase 1. Crossing-over is the process in which homologous chromatids (basically the chromosme that has to do with hair lines up with the other chromosome that has to do with hair) exchange genetic material. It adds variations to the gene pool so that it becomes more and more adapted to the changing environment. This leads to evolution of better adapted races first and ultimately to new species. (You don't have to know that last part).
500
Define Meiosis AND Mitosis.
Meiosis- The process that form 4 haploid cells from one diploid cell. Mitosis- The process that forms 2 cells identical to the parent cell.
500
How are Meiosis and Mitosis different? List 3 reasons.
1. Mitosis produces cells identical to the parent cell. Meiosis produces cells genetically different from the parent cell, with half the number of chromosomes. 2. Meiosis produces 4 cells, Mitosis produces 2 3.Mitosis produces diploid cells, Meiosis produces haploid cells 4. Mitosis is a form of asexual reproduction, while Meiosis is a form of sexual reproduction 5. Mitosis is a cycle, Meiosis is not