Intro to Urinalysis
What is polyuria? What are some reasons this occurs?
What is nocturia?
Polyuria: More than 2500 mLs per day (Occurs because of Diabetes Insipidus or Diabetes Mellitus)
Nocturia: Increased urine output at night
The best type of urine specimen to detect a urinary tract infection is?
First morning
Color, clarity, specific gravity
What is isothenuria?
3 or more readings of a SG of 1.010
In the distal convoluted tubules:
-What solutes are reabsorbed?
-What solutes are secreted?
-What hormone is required to regulate the amount of water reabsorption?
-Reabsorbed:Na and water, as directed by aldosterone
-Secreted: K+, NH3+, H+
-ADH
What is the normal range of urine volume per day?
600-2000 mL/dL
Bacteria has the ability to split urea in urine. This causes a production of ______ which raises the ____.
Production of ammonias which raises the pH
Regarding urine clarity, what terms that you report out would define the look of a pathologic condition of the patient?
Hazy, cloudy, turbid
-could have RBCs, WBCs, bacteria, crystals, casts, etc
a. SG- Dipstick
b. SG- Urinometer
c. Osmolality
d. SG: Refractometer
D
In the proximal convoluted tubules:
-What solutes are reabsorbed?
-What solutes are secreted?
Reabsorbed: NaCl, water, amino acids, bicarb, glucose, phosphate
Secreted: Hydrogen ions
A random urine sample is reflective of what in the patient?
Reflects hydration and exercise status
Out of the 3 types of urine specimen types (First morning, timed, random), which type gives qantitative assays?
Timed urine specimen
The modification of urine color is dependant on which of these things?
a. Amount of substance present
b. pH of urine
c. structural form of element
d. all the above
D
A series of high SG readings (greater than 1.010) is known as what?
What are some things that causes this increase in SG readings?
Hypersthenuria: caused by nephrosis, diabetes insipidis, fever, vomiting, X-ray dyes
Water and glucose are moved back into the blood from the tubules by?
Reabsorption
Our urine is ___% water and ___% organic/inorganic dissolved solids?
95% water
5% other
If the pH is greater than 8.5, what would you assume happened and what should you do?
It sat out for too long and you would need to recollect the specimen
What are the normal colors of urine?
Straw, colorless, light yellow, yellow, dark yellow, amber
What is the definition of specific gravity?
Density of a solution compared with the density of a similar volume of distilled water at the same temperature
In the collecting ducts:
-What solutes are reabsorbed?
-What solutes are secreted?
-Reabsorbed: Na, water, urea
-Secreted: H+ (ADH is required)
What is oliguria? What are some reasons this occurs?
What is anuria? What are some reasons this occurs?
Oliguria: Less than 400 mLs a day (Dehydration, damage to kidney)
Anuria: No urine output (Occurs because of kidney damage, decreased blood flow to kidneys)
Urine has to be tested within what period of time after being collected?
If it cannot be ran during this period of time, what should happen to the specimen?
2 hours and if it cannot be done in 2 hours, it must be refridgerated
What is the reference range for a random specific gravity?
1.003-1.035
What is a consistant decrease(less than 1.010) in SG readings refered to as?
What are some things that can cause the answer from above?
Hyposthenuria: caused by diabetes insipidus and renal disease
In the Loop of Henle:
-the descending loop reabsorbs by?
-the ascending loop reabsorbs?
-the descending loop reabsorbs by OSMOSIS
-the ascending loop reabsorbs NaCl (water cannot be reabsorbed)