Body Organization
The right lung is ______ to the liver.
Superior
Diffusion across a membrane _____
Results in dynamic equilibrium and requires no energy
Labile cells are able to _____ because they have ____
continuously regenerate; stem cells
Chromatin are arranged in units called ____. Condensed chromatin are called ____.
Nucleosomes; chromosomes
This messenger molecule is able to pass through the plasma membrane to bind to intracellular receptors
lipid-soluble (steroid)
Furthest from the point of attachment
Distal
Materials that can pass through the plasma membrane via simple diffusion
lipid soluble compounds, dissolved gases
Stable cells are found in ___ and ____ tissue
liver; kidney
Name the three structures found in the cytoskeleton
Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules
This membrane protein is responsible for converting ATP to cAMP in the second messenger cAMP pathway
adenylate cyclase
This plane splits the body into equal anterior and posterior halves
Coronal
Membrane carries are involved in _____
Facilitated diffusion OR active transport
Atrophy results in ____ and can be _____ or ____.
decrease in cell size; physiological (normal); pathological
Name the two sites of protein synthesis
1. Ribosomes free in cytoplasm
2. Ribosomes bound to surface of rough ER
Which cellular junction allows cells to communicate?
Gap junctions
Overheating and sweating will activate a ____ feedback loop.
Negative
Active transport moves substrates _____ their concentration gradient, thus requiring _____.
against/up; ATP
This adaptation results in a change from one cell type to another.
Metaplasia
The golgi complex does ____
protein modification and packaging
What are the 3 steps of carcinogenesis
1. initiation. 2. promotion 3. progression
The 9 abdominal regions are created by three imaginary lines, what are they?
Subcostal, transtubercular, midclavicular
How is the resting membrane potential established
K+ diffuses out of cell (inside now more negative), K+ moves back in cell because of electrochemical gradient inside more negative), when outward diffusion of K+ balances inward diffusion RMP is established (maintained by Na/K pump)
This adaptation is usually a precursor to cancer and results in disorderly growth of cells
dysplasia
Name the 3 main steps in aerobic energy metabolism in the mitochondrion
1. Electron carriers (NAD + FAD) pass electrons to membrane proteins
2. H+ ions pumped across inner mito membrane into intermembrane space creating a proton motive force
3. H+ ions diffuse back into mito matrix by going through ATP synthase which uses energy from the gradient to synthesize ATP
What are the 5 things that tumor cells exhibit
1. anchorage independence 2. loss of normal arrangement 3. variation in cell size and shape 4. increase in nuclear size and DNA 5. increase in mitotic activity