The Solar Neighbourhood
William Herschel wanted to name Uranus this unusually normal name.
George
The reason stars leave the main sequence.
They run out of hydrogen to burn and start fusing helium.
The Chandrasekhar limit states that white dwarves cannot exist above this mass.
1.4 solar masses
Most exoplanets are similar to this planet in our Solar System.
Jupiter
Because of CMB probes, we know the shape of the universe is....?
This planet has the shortest day in the Solar System
Jupiter
What does hydrostatic equilibrium mean?
Gravity (inward) is balancing radiation pressure and gas pressure (outward)
Massive stars (above 8 solar masses) result in these two types of objects when they 'die'.
Neutron stars and black holes.
These types of stars make the 'best' Suns.
K and M stars.
The best resolution map of the CMB was taken by which satellite?
Planck.
Name the largest moon in the Solar System and the planet it orbits.
Triton and Neptune.
How can we use the HR diagram to determine the age of a star cluster?
Main sequence turn off point.
Name two elements white dwarves can be made of.
Helium, carbon, oxygen.
When did life on Earth start?
3.5 Gyr ago
The mean temperature of the CMB to 3 decimal points.
2.725 Kelvin
The Sun is classified as this exact kind of star. (Ex. A5)
G2
Most common: K and M. Least common: O and B
She discovered Cepheid variables.
Henrietta Leavitt
The two methods of indirect detection of exoplanets.
Gravitational effects/doppler shift and transits.
In 1965, these two Bell Labs engineers discovered the CMB.
Penzias and Wilson.
Name one reason it is hypothesised Planet Nine exists.
Tilt of the Sun's spin axis and apparent clustering of TNOs.
The name of the two specific processes that can create elements heavier than iron.
s-process and r-process
Why do white dwarves get smaller as they get more massive?
Electron degeneracy pressure is constant but gravity increases with more mass. More mass means stronger gravitational force which compresses the star.
These kind of star-planet systems only allow us to obtain a lower limit on the mass of the planet. (Hint: inclination)
Systems that are face-on because we don't see a doppler shift.
300,000 years