Africa
This term is used to describe the subjugation of one group or state to another state so that the oppressing state may extract capital.
What is colonialism?
These polities were generally composed of mini-states nominally united into larger entities, often with little evidence of genuine cohesion. By the early 16th century, only two examples of these remained powerful.
What are Amerindian Imperial Systems (or Empires)?
Also known as Manila Galleons, these provided a link between the Philippines and Mexico for centuries.
What are the Nao de China?
This ethno-racial system divided society into labels, such as: castizo, mestizo, indio, pardo, mulato, zambo, etc
What is the Casta hierarchy?
This well-traveled man embodied the spirit of the Scientific Revolution, particularly providing Europe with knowledge of isolationist Japan.
Who is Engelbert Kaempfer?
This practice began with the Portuguese in the early 16th century, was practiced by most Western European powers, and was banned by Britain roughly two centuries later.
What is the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade?
This was a primary cause for the decimation of the Amerindian population but is now no longer a threat to humanity.
What is smallpox?
This was a monotheistic religion from Punjab that focused on action and service, in addition to faith. It is also an example of religious syncretism. It’s primary converts were Hindus and Muslims.
What is Sikhism?
This system allotted Spanish conquerors a designated number of indigenous laborers from a conquered territory via grants and tribute payment by the Crown. In return, conquerers were meant to convert them to Christianity and offer them protection.
What is encomienda?
Used primarily by the Dutch, English, and French, these aimed to extracted wealth from colonized lands largely through slave labor. They were authorized by rulers, but privately financed in order to create private profit and further state interests.
What are Plantation/Trading Companies?
This region became known as the Slave Coast, as many of its indigenous kingdoms contributed to the Atlantic Slave Trade.
What is the Bight of Benin?
Represents the first site of permanent European colonization of the New World, later divided between two colonial empires (and now two different countries).
What is Hispaniola?
He was a religiously tolerant leader known for expanding the Mughal Empire and creating a syncretic religion that blended other existing ones.
Who is Akbar I?
This was a declaration by the Spanish crown giving itself the “right” to conquer the New World and subjugate its inhabitants through "just war" if necessary.
What is requerimiento?
A brilliant mind and subject of the Ottoman Empire, this polymath contributed to the fields of astronomy, engineering, mathematics, and philosophy.
Who is Taqi ad-Din?
This short lived kingdom (1509-1659) located in northwest Africa, is one of the reasons the Ottoman Empire did not foray into the maritime revolution (by blocking its access to the Atlantic Ocean). This polity conquered large parts of northwest Africa and came up against Spanish possessions in the region.
What is the Saadian Dynasty?
An example of a Plantation Charter company, this archipelago was colonized for sugar production originally under the Spanish, but later became an English hub for the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade.
What is Barbados?
This was how the Portuguese established a foothold in Southeast Asia and allowed Ferdinand Magellan to circumnavigate the globe.
What is the Conquest of Malacca (1511)?
This was a system whereby individuals were granted the seasonal forced labor from individuals in indigenous community as a form of tribute.
What is the Repartimiento system?
This term refers to the system that is generated by mercantilism (the generation of wealth via trade). It is the practice of extracting resources, transporting and exchanging them for profit. Examples of this are seen in colonial trading companies such as the East India Company (GB) or the Dutch East India Trading Company.
What is Merchant Capitalism?
Also known as Sao Salvador, this was the capital of a kingdom that became a vassal or “puppet” state of Portugal.
What is Mbanza Kongo?
This site possessed one of the richest silver mines of all time, booming from 1550-1600 (and accounting for 60% of the world's silver supply), which was driven largely by demand from China. This is all an example of global exchange and the non-formal slavery/harsh conditions that indigenous people were forced to work under in the colonial system.
What is Potosi?
This 17th century event was the result of a certain Western European power attempting to compel a certain dynasty to agree to trade demands.
What are the Sino-Dutch conflicts?
This was delivered to the King of Portugal, showing him how to reach the Spice Islands by sailing westward. Columbus consulted this map before his journey, and was obviously confused by the land masses he found because he believed Japan should have been where Mexico was.
What is the Toscanelli map?
Two part answer: These two models present differing methods of colonization. The first features individuals using forts set up in foreign territories in coastal locations that served as centers for trade with local populations. In this model there is little integration with the local populaces, and little investment in infrastructure. The second model involved the full conquest of an area whereby the conquering state established a permanent rule. Its members lived in the new territory in intimate contact with the local populations.
What are the Mediterranean Fort/Factory Model and the Iberian Reconquest Model?