Heat/Cold
Name four methods of heat transfer
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
Evaporation
Conversion
What is a typical duty cycle for an intermittent compression unit?
75% or 3:1
What units are used for the "frequency" parameter?
What units are used for the "intensity" parameter?
MHz
W/cm2
What happens to the depolarization threshold of motor units over time during continuous electrical stimulation?
The threshold increases, requiring a higher intensity to elicit the same reaction
When you place electrodes close together you are able to stimulate deeper motor units (compared to if the electrodes are far apart). True or False?
False
At what point during a 50-minute ice treatment is intramuscular temperature the lowest (if the ice is removed at 20 minutes and the patient remains immobile for 30 minutes after the ice is removed)?
3-7 minutes after ice is removed
1. increase local blood flow
2. encourage venous return
3. systemic relaxation (BP, HR, and RR lowered)
What is the maximum treatment depth of 3 MHz ultrasound?
What is the maximum treatment depth of 1 MHz ultrasound?
3 cm
5 cm
Name one difference between voluntary muscle contractions and electrically-induced muscle contractions.
1. VC recruits smaller, slow-twitch muscle fibers first
2. VC contractions and recruitment are asynchronous
3. VC GTOs protect muscles from too much force production
With a monopolar electrode arrangement, how much larger does the dispersive electrode have to be (compared to the active electrode?
2.5 times larger
What is the window of time immediately after an injury where ice application can prevent secondary injury?
Effleurage, petrissage, friction, tapotement, vibration
If you are applying ultrasound with a 20% duty cycle for 10 minutes, how many minutes will the ultrasound head be inactive?
8 minutes
What is one characteristic of galvanic currents?
1. continuous flow of charged particles
2. unidirectional flow of charged particles
What is the main goal of TENS treatment?
Pain control/pain reduction
3-4 degrees Celsius
5.4-9.0 degrees Farenheit
Name four contraindications to cervical/lumbar traction
unstable spine, cancer, meningitis, vertebral fracture, extruded disk fragments, spinal cord compression, conditions where flexion and extension are contraindicated, osteoporosis, worsening of signs and symptoms
How large is the effective radiating area? you have the following values.
Watts= 6.8
W/cm2= 1.7
4 cm2
What are the five levels of stimulation?
subsensory, sensory, motor, noxious, and muscle
Name three indications for high-volt pulsed stimulation
Neuromuscular reeducation, motor-level pain control, motor-level edema reduction, delay of denervation/disuse atrophy, reduction of muscle spasm, inhibition of spasticity, restoring ROM, facilitation of voluntary motor function
Name four contraindications to ice pack treatment
Name four contraindications to heat treatment
open wounds, circulatory insufficiency, cold allergy, anesthetized skin, deep vein thrombosis, advanced diabetes, peripheral vascular disease, Raynaud's phenomenon, Lupus, cryoglobulinemia, hemoglobinemia, cold-induced myocardial ischemia
acute conditions, peripheral vascular disease, impaired circulation, poor thermal regulation, fever, skin conditions, anesthetic areas, thrombophlebitis, closed infections, pregnancy
2. reduces capillary filtration pressure
3. enhances effect of gravity
4. reduces blood flow to the injured area
What settings would you use to reduce muscle spasm in a patient's biceps brachii (frequency, intensity, duration, duty cycle) and what is the target tissue temperature?
1 MHz, 1.0-2.0 W/cm2 for 5-10 minutes (depending on intensity)
3 MHz, 1.0-2.0 W/cm2 for 2-4 minutes (depending on intensity)
2-3 degrees celsius tissue temperature increase
Will attract negatively charged ions.
Increases protein density, which results in increased tissue strength and reduced water content.
What are two reasons you would use contiguous electrode placement?
1. If direct placement is contraindicated
2. To intensify and localize treatment effects