US
For US, does the term frequency refer to depth of tissue penetrated or on/off duty cycle?
depth of tissue (remember that 3 MHz is for ~ 2 cm of depth and 1 MHz is for ~5 cm of depth)
True or false: All the contraindications/precautions associated with E stim also apply to iontophoresis.
true
Is it safe to apply e stim over metal plate/hardware?
no
true or false: the therapeutic range of thermotherapy is 104 degrees to 113 degrees F?
true, above 113 can cause tissue damage and at least 104 is required to achieve hyperemia, increase in cell metabolism, blood flow, and tissue elasticity.
What are 3 forms of cryotherapy?
conduction, convection, and evaporation (vapocoolant spray)
Is US okay to apply over metal hardware?
Yes, metal reflects 90% of US waves.
*Unlike plastic implants, which act like bone and absorb a great deal of US waves (caution should be taken).
True or false: some people have allergic reactions to direct current (the current used for ionto).
true, they can develop a rash called galvanic rash
Electrodes should be placed at least ___ inches apart from each other.
2 inches ( and try to make sure they are placed over muscle)
What kind of heat exchange is a moist hot pack?
conduction, convection, or radiation?
conduction (other examples: paraffin, heating pads, chemical heat wraps, etc.)
True or false: LLLT (low level laser therapy) should not be placed over the thyroid or to a patient who has received radiation therapy in the past 6 months.
true
Is thrombophlebitis a contraindication for US?
yes, there is risk in areas of compromised circulation and there is risk for dislodging the thrombus.
True or false: It is okay to place iontophoresis over a bruise.
false
True or false: obesity is a contraindication for use of e-stim.
True, obese patients will likely require higher level current to be effective which can lead to adverse effects
Superficial heating modalities will typically penetrate up to ___ cm of depth.
about 1-2 cm, depending on the modality
One precaution to keep in mind when using k tape on a pregnant person is ...?
Some areas are proposed to induce labor (neck, shoulder, medial aspect of lower leg)
Your patient is a 17 year old boy. Is it okay to use US over the epiphyseal plates?
No, US should not be used until growth plates are closed
Your patient has just applied biofreeze to the affected area. Is it safe to apply iontophoresis at this time?
no, have them thoroughly wash off any ointment/topicals before application (or consider application at another visit) to avoid risk of skin irritation.
What is a reason why e stim should not be used with a patient with a thrombosis?
this area may have compromised circulation and there is risk of dislodging the thrombus.
impaired sensation and impaired circulation
At what temperature does tissue damage occur in cold conditions?
59 degrees F (15 degrees C) and frostbite occurs at 14-39 degrees F