Modern Age
When did the Modern Age begin and end?
It began in the 15th century and ended in the 18th century.
What was Christopher Columbus trying to do in 1492?
He wanted to reach Asia by sailing west.
What replaced the feudal system in the Modern Age?
The Modern State and authoritarian monarchies.
Who started the Lutheran Reformation?
Martin Luther.
What two events usually mark the beginning of the Modern Age?
The capture of Constantinople (1453) and the discovery of America (1492).
Which two countries led the first great explorations?
Spain and Portugal
How did kings increase their power?
By controlling the nobility, creating a standing army, and improving administration.
What were the main criticisms that led to the Protestant Reformation?
Corruption in the Church, the sale of indulgences, clerical abuses and the moral decline of the clergy.
In what ways did the Early Modern Age break with medieval traditions?
It reduced feudal power/ strengthened monarchies/ encouraged global trade.
What new products entered Europe from overseas territories?
Products such as tobacco, coffee and precious metals.
How did the position of the bourgeoisie change during the Early Modern Age?
They became wealthier and more influential due to trade and banking activities.
How did Martin Luther’s ideas challenge the authority of the Catholic Church?
He rejected papal authority, defended justification by faith alone and promoted free interpretation of the Bible.
How did the fall of Constantinople affect European trade routes?
It blocked traditional land routes to Asia, forcing Europeans to search for alternative sea routes.
What political motivations encouraged Iberian kingdoms to explore overseas?
They wanted to expand their territories, increase royal prestige and strengthen their political power.
What was commercial capitalism?
An economic system based on trade and the accumulation of wealth.
Why did the Reformation lead to political and military conflicts in Europe?
Because religion was closely linked to political power, and rulers used religious divisions to defend their interests.
Which new navigation technologies make long-distance voyages possible?
Instruments like the compass and astrolabe improved orientation, and new ships like caravels were better suited for ocean travel.
Why were spices so important for European economies?
They were valuable luxury goods used for preserving food, medicine and cooking, and they generated high profits.
Which social group became richer and more important in the Modern Ages?
The bourgeoisie.
How did the Jesuits contribute to the Catholic renewal?
They promoted education, missionary work and loyalty to the Pope.