Axiel Skeleton
What does the Axiel Skeleton comprise?
The Skull, Veretebral Column, rib cage and sternum.
What makes up the appencicular skeleton?
Limb bones, and the girdles that connect them to the axial skeleton, the shoulder girdle and the pelvic girdle.
What is the spine?
Forming the central axis of the skeleton, the spine or vertebral column extends from the base of the skull down to the pelvis. Separated by intervertebral disks, the spine is strong enough to carry the weight of the upper body and head, yet is flexible enough to allow movement such as twisting and bending.
The Sacrum
The sacrum begins life as 5 separate vertebrae, though during early development they fuse together to form a single unit, the sacrum. Forming part of the pelvis the sacrum is joined to the hips at the sacroiliac joint.
What is bone?
A rigid, calcified tissue, far stronger than its appearance. The bones provide a framework around the delicate internal organs, provide a point of attachment for the muscles and contain marrow where red blood cells are produced.
What does the base of the skull join to?
The 1st vertebra in the spine, the Atlas. The articulation of the two bones allows for a range of movements including nodding and sideways movements.
Bones of the arm and legs are long, what are they?
Arm - Humerus, Radius, Ulna,
Leg - Femur, Tibia, Fiblua.
Name the 5 regions of the spine.
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum and coccyx. A total of 26 vertebrae.
The coccyx
Attached to the sacrum, the coccyx, or tail bone, is the lowest part of the spine. Originating as 3-5 vertebrae, these bone fuse together during development to form the coccyx.
The rib cage.
The rib cage acts as a suit of armour for the vital internal organs in the chest cavity - The heart and lungs. There are 12 pairs of ribs, each joined to the T1-T12 of the spine. Spanning around to the front, the first 7 ribs join to the sternum, true ribs. The next three join to each other then attach to the 7th rib - called false ribs. The last 2 are floating ribs and are not attached to the front.
They are called Sutures, which interlock and and are firmly held together with fibrous connective tissue.
How many bones in the hands and feet?
Similarly, 14 bones in the fingers and toes, 8 in the wrist, 7 in the ankle and ball have 5 in the palm and soles.
24 vertebrae are seperate, name and number them.
7 cervical, (c1-7), 12 thoracic (T1-T12), 5 lumber (L1-L5). The remaining 2 vertebrae units are fused, these are the sacrum and the coccyx units.
The vertebrae
The vertebrae provide a protective conduit for the spinal cord which runs through the spinal canal, a central opening running though the vertebrae.
What does the skull protect and what does it provide attachment for?
The skull protects the brain, eyes, tongue and inner ears. It provides attachment for the muscles of the face, eyes, tongue, pharynx and neck.
Explain the Vertebral column
A tower of bones called vertebrae, separated by cushions of cartilage called intervertebral disks.
While individually each vertebra has extremely limited movement, collectively the vertebrae create a highly mobile unit. Can become rigid with lifting by the help of the back muscles.
Due to load bearing on the lower joints, where is the pelvic girdle joined to the axial skeleton?
At the sacroiliac joint. This is a relatively ridged joint.
Explain the cervical reigon.
This comprises of C1 and C2, the atlas and the axis. A specially designed pivot joint that allows the head to rotate. This joint, combined with the rest of C3-C7, are the cervical region. It is the most flexible in the spine.
Name and explain the 4 slight vertabral curves.
The primary Thorasic and sacral curves are developed as a fetus. The secondary and the lumbar curves are developed later to counter the effects of gravity and keep the body straight. The curves of the vertebral column increase its strength, help maintain balance in an upright position, absorb shocks during walking, and help protect the vertebrae from fracture.
The skull
The Skull along with protecting and attachment, also forms the upper and lower jaws. The edges of the bones lock together, rather like a jigsaw, and are secured in place, (with the exception of the lower jaw) by the sutures (fibrous connective tissues).
Explain the rib cage in relation to the vertebral column.
Ribs of the thoracic cage join with the vertebrae at the back, encasing the heart and lungs.The first 7 tibs, the true ribs, join at the front to the sturnum. The next 3, the false ribs, join to one another then, attach to the last true rib. The last 2 ribs do not attach to anything, they are the floating ribs.
Why is the shoulder girdle far less restricted than the pelvic joint?
Being mostly connected to the rib by muscle, the only stabilising connection is provided from the collar bone.
Explain the Thorasic and the Lumber spine.
The thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12), are found in the chest region. Because they are attached to the ribs, they are less flexible than the Cevical and Lumbar regions.
The Lumbar spine (L1-L5), the largest on the vertebrae, is found in the lower back. The lumbar bears most of the body's weight, however is still rather flexible and mobile.
Intervertebral disk
The I.D's lie between each of the vertebrae. They are designed to bear weight and to act as cushions between vertebrae when the spine moves. They are pliable and made from cartilage, and they unite the stacked column of vertebrae transforming them into a stong but supple complete unit - the back bone.
What is The Anatomical Position?
The stance from which all body parts and movements are referred. The subject stand erect with its head facing forward, feet apart flat on the floor and arms held slightly away from the body with the palms facing forward.