Historical Context of Modernity
What are the events that started the Modernity?
1. Printing press
2. Great Journeys (Colombus)
3. Fall of Constatinopla
What are the two main concepts about Modernity?
Secularisation
Progress
Which one is the main concept of rationalism?
A priori
Which one is the main concept of empiricism?
A posteriori
Which 19th-century philosopher famously proclaimed "God is dead," critiquing traditional morality and religion?
Friedrich Nietzsche
What two events marks the beginning of the modern era in Western history but in philosophical aspect?
The Renaissance and Scientific revolution
What are the two main events that represents the Zeitgeist of Modernity?
Industrial Revolution
Enlightenment
What method did Descartes propose for attaining certainty in knowledge?
The method of doubt
Who propose criticism and what was?
Immanuel Kant: middle point between rationalism and empiricism
Who introduced the concept of "class struggle" and critiqued capitalism as perpetuating social inequality?
Karl Marx
What economic system emerged during the modern period, emphasizing private ownership and free markets?
Capitalism
What term describes the philosophical movement emphasizing subjective experience and emotion in the late 18th and early 19th centuries?
Romanticism
Which rationalist philosopher famously formulated the ontological argument for the existence of God and invented calculus?
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz.
What is Hume's fundamental critique of the rationalist view of knowledge and reality?
Cause and effect relationship
What did Freud describe as the three components of the human psyche, consisting of the id, ego, and superego?
The structural model of the psyche.
What was the Reformation and who propose it?
New perspective on the belief in God propose by Martin Lutero
Who coined the phrase "invisible hand" to describe the self-regulating nature of markets?
Adam Smith
How does John Locke's concept of "tabula rasa" challenge the traditional view of innate knowledge and shape his empiricist framework?
Locke argues that knowledge is derived solely from sensory experiences, laying the foundation in experimentation.
What is one of the greatest contribution of the one who postulated criticism in relation to the Enlightenment and the modern spirit?
The sentence: dare to know.
Why is it called the philosophy of suspicion?
Because it categorically doubts the postulates of Modernity in relation to economics, psychology, philosophy, religion and morality.
What were the main factors contributing to the decline of feudalism in Europe during the transition to modernity?
Economic changes, technological advancements, and the rise of centralized nation-states.
What invention revolutionized communication during the 19th century, contributing to the spread of ideas?
The telegraph.
Why the quote "I think, therefore I am" represents the essence of rationalism?
Because it establishes, as in mathematics, a principle that cannot be doubted and deduced ideas can be extracted.
What was the Copernican revolution in philosophy?
Criticism's idea of establishing that the mind uses innate categories to organize external information and not only receives it as a tabula rasa.
What is the Overman?
That category in which the human being leaves aside traditional values and establishes life as the highest value by establishing his own vision.