Ch 9: Respiration Basics
Define Pulmonary Ventialtion
The process of moving air into and out of the lungs.
What are the four factors that increase oxygen dissociation during exercise?
Increase in (1) PCO2 gradient, (2) PCO2, (3) temperature, &
(4) decrease in pH
What is the primary function of the cardiovascular system?
Transport of nutrients, gases, and waste products; protection; and regulation.
How does heart rate respond to light to moderate exercise?
It increases linearly with exercise intensity.
How is overload manipulated to bring about adaptations?
By increasing frequency, intensity, and duration.
What is the (A-a) PO2 difference?
The alveolar-arterial oxygen difference, a measure of gas exchange efficiency.
Describe the response of pulmonary ventilation during short-term light to moderate exercise.
Pulmonary ventilation increases to match the oxygen demand of the body.
What is the Fick equation used to calculate?
Oxygen consumption (VO2).
What limits VO2 max in healthy individuals?
Cardiac output.
What are central cardiovascular adaptations?
Increased cardiac output, stroke volume, and blood volume.
Why does air flow in and out of the lungs?
Air flows due to pressure differences between the atmosphere and the alveoli.
What is the difference between external, internal, and cellular respiration?
External Respiration: O2 & CO2 exchange between ~ alveoli of lungs & pulmonary capillary blood.
Internal Respiration: O2 & CO2 exchange between ~ systemic artery & capillary blood and muscle cells
Cellular Respiration: O2 & CO2 exchange between ~ Muscle Cells & Aerobic Metabolism (Energy, ATP) *not a necessity for points ~ future chapters.
Describe the conduction system of the heart.
Includes the SA node, AV node, Bundle of His, and Purkinje fibers.
What is the pressor response?
An increase in blood pressure during static exercise.
Compare cardiovascular adaptations to dynamic endurance vs. resistance training.
ndurance training increases stroke volume and blood volume; resistance training improves muscular strength.
Explain the conditions of BTPS.
Body Temperature and Pressure, Saturated. It reflects conditions within the lungs.
What is meant by the term “oxygen dissociation”?
he release of oxygen from hemoglobin, typically due to changes in pressure, temperature, or pH.
How is cardiac output measured?
Using methods like the Fick principle, Doppler ultrasound, or thermodilution.
How does TPR change during exercise?
It decreases to facilitate blood flow.
What are the physiological benefits of a warm-up?
Increased heart rate, blood flow, and muscle temperature
What is the definition of internal respiration?
The exchange of gases between the blood and body tissues.
What do the Ventilatory Thresholds indicate?
Ventilatory threshold (VT) is the point during exercise where ventilation increases disproportionately compared to oxygen uptake, indicating a shift from primarily aerobic to anaerobic metabolism.
(This increase in ventilation is closely linked to lactate threshold, where lactate production begins to exceed lactate clearance, leading to increased blood acidity and CO2 production, which stimulates ventilation.).. Upcoming chapters*
What happens to myocardial oxygen consumption during exercise?
It increases due to higher heart rate and contractility.
Describe the response of cardiovascular variables during dynamic resistance exercise.
Modest increase in heart rate and cardiac output, significant increase in blood pressure.
How does HIIT influence VO2 max?
Improves VO2 max similar to endurance training with shorter duration. (& to a greater extent, efficacy).