The Protestant Reformation
This German monk began the Reformation by posting 95 Theses in 1517.
Who was Martin Luther?
This king broke with the Catholic Church because the pope would not grant him an annulment.
Who was Henry VIII?
This meeting (1545–1563) clarified Catholic doctrine and reformed Church practices.
What was the Council of Trent?
These wars were fought in France between Catholics and Huguenots.
What were the French Wars of Religion?
What is Renaissance?
This practice of selling certificates to reduce time in purgatory angered many reformers.
What are indulgences?
This law made the English monarch the head of the Church of England.
What was the Act of Supremacy?
This effect weakened the authority of this religious leader in Europe.
Who is the pope?
This event in 1572 saw the mass killing of Huguenots in Paris.
What was the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre?
This Italian city was a center of banking, trade, and Renaissance art.
What is Florence?
This Swiss reformer believed in a symbolic interpretation of the Lord’s Supper and ruled Zurich.
Who was Ulrich Zwingli?
This daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn established Protestantism in England.
Who was Elizabeth I?
One major consequence of the Reformation was the division of Christianity into multiple branches, weakening religious unity in Europe.
What is the fragmentation of Christianity (or the rise of Protestant denominations)?
This document in 1598 granted limited toleration to French Protestants.
What was the Edict of Nantes?
This intellectual movement focused on human potential, classical learning, and secular subjects.
What is humanism?
This French reformer was known for his doctrine of predestination and leadership in Geneva.
Who was John Calvin?
This group wanted to "purify" the Church of England of remaining Catholic practices.
Who were the Puritans?
This long-term effect encouraged people to read the Bible and led to higher literacy rates.
What is the spread of education?
This war (1618–1648) devastated much of Central Europe and ended with the Treaty of Westphalia
What was the Thirty Years’ War?
This explorer’s 1492 voyage led to European awareness of the Americas.
Who was Christopher Columbus?
Luther taught that people are saved not by good works or the Church’s sacraments, but solely through this.
What is faith alone (justification by faith)?
Unlike Lutherans, who emphasized salvation by faith alone, this branch of Protestantism also stressed predestination and strict moral discipline in society.
What is Calvinism?
This long-term effect of the Reformation shifted religious authority from the pope to local rulers, giving them greater control over religious practices in their lands.
What is the rise of state power (or increased authority of monarchs over religion)?
This battle in 1648 confirmed Dutch independence and weakened the Habsburgs’ control.
What was the Peace of Westphalia?
This exchange of goods, ideas, and diseases between the Old World and the New World transformed both societies.
What was the Columbian Exchange?