Diseases
The Cells
Viruses
Inflammation
Infection
100
Symptoms of Downs Syndrome
Flattened facial profile, Small head, Upward slanting eyes, Short stature, Intellectual symptoms, Cognitive impairment, Delayed language development, Short attention span, Higher prevalence of heart defects, Vision and hearing problems
100
What does Metaplasia put a patient at risk for?
Metaplasia is the replacement of one cell type by another cell type. It is likely a result of the cell’s genetic reprogramming in response to a change in environmental conditions. Commonly, metaplasia occurs in response to chronic inflammation, and the substitution of cells enables the tissue’s survival. Inc risk of Cancer
100
What causes mononucleosis
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the cause of infectious mononucleosis, a common infection of adolescents and young adults. adenopathy, Pharyngitis, fatigue, headache, fever, chills, abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting are usually presenting symptoms. Self limiting.
100
Three stages of Acute Inflammation
1. Vascular permeability
2. Cellular chemotaxis
3. Systemic response
100
The organism that causes whooping cough
Bordetella pertussis
200
Test to confirm Downs Syndrome
PCR test;
Quantitative fluorescence PCR (QF-PCR) is an efficient and highly accurate method for the rapid detection of trisomy 21 (Down syndrome), trisomy 18 (Edwards syndrome), trisomy 13 (Patau syndrome) and triploidy.
200
What is dysplasia?
Dysplasia is deranged cellular growth within a specific tissue, often as a result of chronic inflammation or a precancerous condition. On histological examination, dysplastic cells vary in size, shape, and architectural organization compared with healthy cells. Cervical dysplasia, often detected on a Papanicolaou (Pap) test, is a common example of this cellular change
200
Which virus causes Shingles?
Varicella Zoster is a herpes virus that causes chicken pox. Once a person has chicken pox, the varicella virus lies dormant in the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal nerves. In adulthood, during times of extreme stress or immunosuppression, the virus can become reactivated and cause herpes zoster infection. Symptoms include pain and a characteristic line of vesicular lesions, usually along a single dermatome. It may be followed by painful post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN) for up to a year after the initial shingles infection.
200
5 cardinal signs of inflammation
rubor (redness), tumor (swelling), calor (heat), dolor (pain), and loss of function (function laesa).
200
What is Kernigs sign?
300
What is Tay Sachs
Infants born with Tay Sachs appear normal until age 6 months. As the infant matures, motor incoordination, lethargy, muscle flaccidity, and increasing cognitive impairment become apparent. A “cherry red spot” seen on the retina on ophthalmological examination. Death usually occurs by age 3 years.
300
What is physiological Hypertrophy?
In physiological hypertrophy, the enlarged muscle is adequately perfused and supplied with blood flow, oxygen, and nutrients because of angiogenesis. In well-trained athletes, the heart physiologically hypertrophies because of the enlargement of each individual myocardial cell.
300
What is the difference between HSV-1 and HSV-2
There are two herpes simplex viruses (HSV): HSV-1 and HSV-2. The two viruses cause disease in the same manner but are distinctly categorized because they usually infect different parts of the body. HSV-1 is the common cold sore virus, whereas HSV-2 is the cause of genital herpes infection.
Both HSV-1 and HSV-2 cause acute and latent infection.
300
What is leukocytosis?
During inflammation, the WBC count in the blood commonly increases from a normal baseline of 4,000 to 10,000 cells/mL to 15,000 to 20,000 cells/mL. The clinician can use the number of WBCs to determine the severity of the infectious process that the patient is experiencing.
300
What is tetanus?
Tetanus is a neurological disorder characterized by intense muscle spasms caused by C. tetani, a toxin-producing, spore-forming anaerobic bacteria. C. tetani is a common organism found in soil, and its spores can survive for many years under harsh conditions. Tetanus infection can occur after a penetrating injury such as a puncture wound or laceration. C. tetani toxin is released in the wound, binds to peripheral motor neurons, and is then transported to the spinal cord. The toxin blocks inhibitory neurotransmitters, causing hyperactivity of neurons. Infected persons may first notice increased muscle tone, particularly in the masseter muscles and jaw. For this reason, the term lockjaw has been used to describe the initial sign of tetanus infection.
400
Nursing interventions for Cystic Fibrosis
Chest Physiotherapy, inhalers, bronchodilators
400
What is pathological Hypertrophy?
Pathological hypertrophy occurs when there is an increase in cellular size without an increase in the supportive structures necessary for the enlarged cell’s increased metabolic needs. For example, in hypertension, high aortic blood pressure creates a higher workload for the left ventricle; in response, each cardiac muscle cell undergoes pathological hypertrophy.
400
HIV infection depletes which cells in the body?
HIV causes immunosuppression and consequent susceptibility to opportunistic infections, which can be transmitted from individual to individual. At the cellular level, HIV attacks CD4 cells (also known as T cells) and macrophages, which are integral to the immune response. Loss of CD4(T) cells and macrophages causes dysfunction of other body systems - opportunistic infections.
400
The substance that causes fever
Pyrogens
400
What is C-diff?
C. difficile is a spore-forming, toxin-secreting anaerobic bacteria that causes foul smelling profuse diarrhea. It is caused by use of antibiotics killing off the normal GI flora. It is treated with vancomycin po. You must follow contact precautions and wash hands with soap and water.
500
Klinefelter’s syndrome
Klinefelter’s syndrome is one of the most common male chromosomal genetic disorders. Lack of development of the testes, gynecomastia, and skeletal and cardiovascular abnormalities, Mental ability diminished. All major areas of cognitive development, including expressive and receptive language. Testosterone deficiency causes tall, lanky body proportions; sparse or absent facial, axillary, and pubic hair; decreased muscle mass and strength; feminine distribution of adipose tissue; decreased physical endurance; and osteoporosis. These patients are at a higher risk of autoimmune diseases, DM, MVP, osteopenia and osteoporosis, breast and testicular tumors, SLE, and RA.
500
What is Atrophy and how do you prevent?
Atrophy is a cellular adaptation in which cells revert to a smaller size in response to changes in metabolic requirements or their environment. Atrophy occurs when a cell’s environment cannot support its metabolic requirements. The cell’s smaller size allows for less metabolic demand. Move it or lose it!
500
How was Poliomyelitis almost eradicated?
Before a polio vaccine became available, several polio epidemics had occurred between 1948 and 1955.
The polio vaccine developed by Dr. Salk and colleagues is licensed in the U.S. Before the polio vaccine, the disease had been a major cause of disability in children. About 16,000 cases of polio (paralytic poliomyelitis) occurred each year in the U.S. in the 20th century compared with none in 2020.
500
What medications do you administer to reduce fever?
Therefore, it is recommended to keep fever below 102°F through the use of anti-pyretic medications such as aspirin, ibuprofen, or acetaminophen. These medications inhibit PG formation and thus reduce fever. ALERT! Never give children or adolescents aspirin or any salicylate-containing products to control a fever. Research has demonstrated a link between salicylate use and Reye’s syndrome
500
What is Candida?
Candida is a common fungus in our environment and part of the normal flora. C. albicans, normally found in the GI and vaginal tracts, is the most common type of Candida infection. Candida becomes pathogenic when an overgrowth of the fungus occurs, commonly causing superficial diseases. Vaginal, Oral, skin, even systemic - fungal septicemia