Power of the Church
This medieval empire formed when the pope crowned Otto I emperor in 962.
Holy Roman Empire
This Byzantine emperor asked Western Europe for help against the Seljuk Turks, helping spark the Crusades.
Alexius Comnenus (Alexius I)
This farming innovation allowed medieval farmers to plant crops in two fields while letting one rest.
Three-field system
This disaster from 1315–1317 weakened Europe before the Black Death by causing widespread starvation.
Great Famine
This event in 1066 allowed William of Normandy to become king of England.
Norman Conquest/ Battle of Hastings
This system of Church law guided the behavior of medieval Christians
Canon Law
Pope Urban II called for the First Crusade at this church council in 1095.
Council of Clermont
This economic shift expanded trade, banking, and markets across Europe during the High Middle Ages.
Commercial Revolution
This deadly disease spread partly through fleas living on rats and killed about one-third of Europe’s population.
Black Death
This English king strengthened royal justice by sending judges across England and helping form common law.
Henry II
This punishment removed someone from the Church and denied them salvation.
Excommunication
After the First Crusade, Europeans created four feudal states in the Middle East known as these.
Crusader States
These organizations controlled training, prices, and quality standards for workers in towns.
Guilds
Historians often call the period when the papacy moved from Rome to Avignon the “Babylonian Captivity” of the Church. What is the official historical term for this period when the popes lived in France from 1309–1377?
Avignon Papacy
English nobles forced this king to sign the Magna Carta after he lost land in France and raised heavy taxes.
King John
In 1077 this Holy Roman Emperor traveled to Canossa to beg forgiveness from Pope Gregory VII after being excommunicated.
Henry IV
Instead of attacking Muslims, this crusade captured and looted Constantinople in 1204.
Fourth Crusade
This new social class of merchants and craftsmen emerged in medieval towns and challenged feudal power.
Burghers
This English thinker argued that the Bible—not the pope—was the highest authority in Christianity.
John Wycliffe
This political principle established by the Magna Carta meant the king must obey the law like everyone else.
rule of law
In 1122 this agreement settled the investiture conflict between the pope and the Holy Roman Emperor.
Concordat of Worms
The Third Crusade ended with this agreement allowing Christian pilgrims to visit Jerusalem even though Muslims kept control of the city.
Treaty of Jaffa
Contact between Europeans and people from the Byzantine Empire and the Muslim world during the Crusades helped spread new knowledge in science, philosophy, and mathematics. This development led to the creation of institutions where scholars gathered to teach and study.
Universities
This long conflict between England and France helped increase nationalism and weaken feudalism.
Hundred Years’ War
This 1295 assembly created by Edward I included knights and townspeople along with nobles and clergy.
Model Parliament