Cellular Reproduction
Why do cells reproduce?
To allow organisms to grow, repair damagedtissue, and replace old or dead cells.
Two types of reproduction
Asexual Reproduction and Sexual reproduction
Father of genetics
Gregor Mendel
Biotechnology
Artificial modifying an organism
If a mother has XX chromosomes and afather has XY chromosomes, what determines whether a child typically receives XX or XY chromosomes?
The sperm determines this because it cancontribute either an X or a Y chromosome.The egg normally contributes an X.
What are the three stages of the cell cycle?
G1 (cell growth, preparation for S phase), S (DNA replication), and G2(preparation for mitotic phase).
Asexual vs Sexual reproduction
Asexual: reproduce with yourself (amoeba)
Sexual: reproduce with two organisms (sperm and egg)
Genotype vs Phenotype
Genotype- genetic makeup
Phenotype- physical features
Genetic Engineering
Changing an organism's DNA to have desirable traits (Designer babies)
What are the three stages of prenatal development,and when does each occur?
Germinal stage (fertilization through about week 2), embryonic stage (weeks 3–8), andfetal stage (week 9 until birth).
What are the four stages of mitosis?
PMAT- Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase, and Cytokinesis
Meiosis and cells it produces
Happens 2x, creates sperm and egg cells, and creates 4 haploid cells
Parent 1: heterozygous Bb
Parent 2: heterozygous Bb
Draw a punnet square and find out what the offspring will be
Punnet square makes up 100%
25%: BB
50%:Bb
25%: bb
Selective Breeding vs Genetic Modification
Selective Breeding- finding organisms with desireable traits to breed togetehr to get a desireable outcome
Genetic Modification- Modifying an organisms DNA through biotechnology
Primary vs Secondary Sexual Characteristics
Primary Sexual Characteristics- reproductive organs
Secondary Sexual Characteristics- Breast (women) and body hair (men)
What do cellcycle checkpoints do, and what are the three major checkpoints?
They check whether the cell is ready to continue dividing.
G1 checkpoint checks cell size,nutrients, and DNA damage
G2 checks DNA replication and damage
M checkpointchecks chromosome attachment to spindle fibers.
Crossing Over vs Independent Assortment
Crossing over: exchanges DNA between homologous chromosomes
Independent Assortment: RANDOM! distributes female and male chromosomes randomly into the gametes (helps with genetic diversity)
Three main principles of Mendel's experiments
1. Dominance
2. Segregation
3. Independent Assortment (RANDOM!)
3 ways biotech is used in medicine
Gene therapy, Hormone Therapy, Vaccines and Insulin
SRY gene
Triggers the development of testes and is found in men
Role of p53 gene and the difference between a mutated p53 gene and a normal one?
Tumor Surpressor gene
Mutated p53: allows the cell to go through the cell cycle even with flaws and can lead to cancerous growth
Normal p53: the cell cycle continues as normal and if there is a flaw, the cell will program itself for cell death (apoptosis)
Non disjunction
When the chromosomes fail to seperate correctly (could have extra chromosomes or have less than the normal number of chromosomes)
3 is too many
1 is not enough
Incomplete Dominance and Codominance
Incomplete Dominance: blend together (Red rose x White rose= Pink rose)
Codominance: co-captains and share dominance (Type AB blood)
Based on opinion
-Bad for the environment
- Not everyone can afford it
- Mistakes in the process (does more harm than good)
- Concerning for keeping the baby alive in the process
DNA and its base pairs
Deoxyribonucleic acid and is double stranded
Adenine and Thyamine
Cytosine and Guanine