Unit 4 & 5
DTT can also be known as ________.
ABC, 3-term contingency, DTI
What is extinction and what is this most important aspect?
withholding reinforcement; the maintaining variable
Which DR procedure eliminates behavior?
DRO
Brenda is working with a student who engages in property destruction at the desk when presented with work demands. Through the completion of an FA, it is concluded that the function of this behavior is escape. She decides to implement a differential reinforcement procedure where she teaches an appropriate communicative response that her student will use when presented with work demands, such as “more time please.”
Which procedure is outlined here and provide rationale for your decision?
DRA - more specifically DNRA or DRC
- functionally equivalent (escape) target behavior
- teaching an alternative response
Cinderella is a caregiver for Drizella, an individual in an adult program who exhibits property destruction frequently. Cinderella implemented a procedure where Drizella is reinforced at the end of an interval when no property destruction occurs. If Drizella does exhibit property destruction when the timer goes off, Cinderella restarts the timer and ignores the target behavior. Which DR procedure did Cinderella implement?
DRO - more specifically FM - DRO
Can reinforcement be considered a tactic or strategy for behavior change?
No, it is widely used WITHIN tactics or strategies, but CANNOT be considered a tactic by itself.
True or False
The Premack Principle is when a high-p behavior is contingent on the occurrence of the low-p behavior.
True
Main difference between DRA & DRI
DRA - recommended to be functionally equivalent, and teaches an alternative target behavior
DRI - incompatible target behavior, target behavior in learner's repertoire, does not need to be functionally equivalent
Susan washes her hands on average 60 times per hour. The BCBA on her case wants to reinforce successively longer inter-response times (IRT’s) of washing her hands. This is an example of:
The answer is DRL - increasing IRT time and reinforcing decreasing rate of responding
Prince Phillip has trouble sitting for an entire dental cleaning without attempting to get up or place his fingers in his mouth. His parents implement a procedure where, if he is successful at remaining absent of elopement for 2 minutes, he can leave the dentist. Over time, they increase the amount of time until he is able to successfully sit through an entire cleaning.
Which DR procedure is presented in the above scenario?
Differential Negative Reinforcement of Other Behaviors (DNRO)
- absence of bolting
- interval schedule
- Negative reinforcement applicable
What are 3 aspects of schedules of reinforcement to remember when implementation?
schedule thinning, resistant to extinction & ratio strain
Differences between spontaneous recovery and disinhibition
spontaneous recovery - reoccurrence of an extinguished (or reduced) target behavior
disinhibition - reoccurrences of an extinguished (or reduced) target behavior due to extraneous variable(s)
What's wrong with the following statement:
A DRH procedure aims to decrease responding, while a DRL aims to increase responding.
DRH looks to increase responding (fluency)
DRL looks to decrease responding (good for behaviors that can be tolerated at low frequencies)
Anya has a 3-year-old client who has just started using single words and several sounds. Anya noticed her client having tantrums when she wanted a toy her peer had. She decides to implement a DR procedure to teach her to request for the toys by saying “Give me (name of the toy)”. Anya notices the tantrums increasing even more; what is Anya doing wrong?
a. She should teach her client to say “I want” as it is more polite
b. The appropriate alternative is more effortful than the PBx
c. There should be two of each toy so Anya does not engage in tantrums
d. Extinction should not be implemented because this will result in the client’s mands decreasing
The appropriate alternative is more effortful than the PBx
Mulan doesn’t like to hear the school bell ring from inside the classroom as it is extremely loud, often leading to crying. Her instructors have implemented a procedure allowing her to request to leave the room 1 minute before the bell rings to avoid the intense noise.
Which procedure is explained above?
Differential Negative Reinforce of Alternative Behavior
DNRA - a subtype of DRA
What does 'most resistant to extinction' mean?
Provide an example and which schedule of reinforcement(s) are most resistant.
Most resistant = less likely extinction will be effective
VR & VI schedules -- most resistant is VI
Extinction is to operant conditioning, whereas habituation is to ________ _________.
Respondent conditioning
Main differences between DRO and DRA
DRO - reinforcing the absence of the target behavior; interval schedule of reinforcement (fixed, variable, momentary), no teaching involved, no functional equivalence required
DRA - reinforcing an alternative target behavior, teaches a new behavior, functional equivalence is recommended
Petyr has been taught to engage in appropriate social interactions with friends, which was a difficult skill for him. He now tends to ask peers every few minutes how they are doing, disrupting their activities and classwork. Which DR strategy would be most appropriate?
a. DRH - provide more positive social attention as he speaks to peers
b. DRI - teach him to hum to himself so he does not interrupt peers
c. DRL - ask peers to engage with him only up to a certain amount of time
d. FCT - teach him to exchange a break card so he can go outside for a few minutes
DRL - ask peers to engage with him only up to a certain amount of time
Frieda is learning to use NCR procedures with her 20-year-old client who is non-verbal and engages in property destruction to get Frieda’s attention. Her client engages in PBx every 18 minutes so she decides to implement an FT15 mins NCR, providing him with attention. In addition to this, she would like to use a DR procedure. Which may be most appropriate:
a. A DRO which results in attention for every 20 minutes that the client does not engage in property destruction
b. A DRA which teaches her client to tap his knees every time he wants her to give him some space
c. A DRA that teaches her client to touch a blue button every time he wants her to come see what he is doing
d. A DRO teaches her client to keep his hands in his pockets and whenever he does this, she checks in to see how he is doing
Answer is C - A DRA teaches her client to touch a blue button every time he wants her to come to see what he is doing
Explanation -
A. A DRO which results in attention for every 20 minutes that the client does not engage in property destruction – baseline occurrence is 18 mins so DRO should be set below baseline levels to access reinforcement
B. A DRA which teaches her client to tap his knees every time he wants her to give him some space – Alternative behavior should access the same function as PBX (attention)
D. A DRO which teachers her client to keep his hands in his pockets and whenever he does this, she checks in to see how he is doing – This is an example of a DRI, not a DRO
Name the 3 dimensions of reinforcement for effectiveness.
Immediacy (rate & how close to the target behavior)
MO (value, magnitude)
Stimulus conditions
What are the possible side effects when extinction is implemented?
Extinction burst
Spontaneous Recovery
Extinction-based aggression - increase in intensity, frequency, etc.
Which DR procedures teach a new skill?
Which DR procedures does not teach a new skill?
Teach - DRA (and all subtypes (DRC, DNRA))
Does not - DRO, DRI, DRL, DRH
Hades is using a DRO with his client Mal for the behavior of spitting. After 6 minute intervals pass without Mal spitting, Hades gives her attention and spends a few minutes playing with her. Although spitting seems to be decreasing, Hades is seeing an increase in Mal’s scratching behavior, which sometimes coincides with the 6 minute DRO. What may be happening?
Adventitious reinforcement -
-- Reinforcement provided during DRO may inadvertently increase other behaviors occurring at the same time
A group of employees is fed up with a fellow co-workers "gossiping" behavior during coffee breaks. This behavior involves talking about other (not present) workers' personal and private matters. While this behavior is permissible among the group from time to time, the "gossiper" in question engages in the behavior far too often. The employees implemented a successful intervention: each day, at the start of the coffee break, the co-workers would covertly track the # of instances of gossip that were emitted. If the "gossiper" engaged in 3 instances, the employees made excuses and walked away. If, however, the "gossiper" engaged in less than 3 instances, all the co-workers stayed and visited with the gossiper.
Which DR procedure does this represent?
DRL