Bone Growth and Development
This process involves adding new bone tissue, especially during childhood and adolescence.
What is bone accrual?
This vitamin is essential for calcium absorption and healthy bones.
What is vitamin D?
This condition is known as the "silent disease" because it often has no symptoms until a fracture occurs.
What is osteoporosis?
The increase in muscle size from exercise is known as this.
What is hypertrophy?
The best type of exercise to support bone development in children and teens.
What is weight-bearing exercise?
These cells are responsible for building new bone tissue.
What are osteoblasts?
This analogy explains why bone building during youth is so important.
What is the superannuation principle?
A common symptom of arthritis that affects joint mobility.
What is stiffness or pain?
These stem-like cells activate during muscle repair and regeneration.
What are satellite cells?
This age-related condition causes progressive muscle loss in older adults.
What is sarcopenia?
This process involves reshaping bone during growth to adapt to mechanical stress, distinct from replacing old bone tissue.
What is bone modelling?
This term refers to the highest level of bone density and strength a person achieves in life.
What is peak bone mass?
Name two causes of low bone density in older adults.
What are hormonal changes and sedentary lifestyle?
This process causes muscle atrophy during periods of injury, bed rest, or disuse.
What is reduced mechanical loading or protein breakdown?
Name one modifiable lifestyle factor that supports healthy muscle and bone
What is regular exercise or balanced nutrition?
The site of primary ossification in long bones begins forming here during foetal development.
What is the diaphysis?
One key lifestyle factor that negatively affects bone accrual during adolescence.
What is smoking or physical inactivity?
This autoimmune form of arthritis attacks the synovial lining of joints.
What is rheumatoid arthritis?
Hormones like these are essential for adolescent muscle development.
What are testosterone, IGF-1, and growth hormone?
This exercise type mimics real-life movements to support daily function and mobility.
What is functional training?
This process maintains skeletal strength by replacing damaged bone tissue and continues throughout life.
What is bone remodelling?
These three public health strategies can help young people maximise bone accrual.
What are nutrition education, physical activity programs, and access to safe recreation spaces?
One key difference between osteoporosis and arthritis.
Osteoporosis affects bone density, while arthritis affects joint cartilage and function
Describe the muscle growth pathway, starting from mechanical loading during resistance training.
Mechanical stress → microscopic muscle damage → activation of signalling pathways → satellite cell activation → protein synthesis → hypertrophy?
This type of exercise enhances neuromuscular control and reduces the risk of falls.
What is balance and coordination training (or proprioceptive training)?