L13 SDoH
What are all the levels of the Dahlgren and Whitehead model?
Consitutional factors
Individual lifestyle factors
Social and community factors
Living and working conditions
General socio-economic, cultural and environmental conditions
What is the Cause-and-Effect relationship between Health and Education?
Education effects health as education can create opportunities for better/ positive health
Healthier neighborhoods, healthy behaviours, income/ resources, social and psychological benefits
Health effects education as poor health can put education at risk/ prevent and inhibit ability to succeed
Attendance, concentration, learning disabilities
How does Education affect the other SDoH?
Education is a gateway to the other determinants and affects them through this.
What is Socioeconomic Status (plus the extra bit about relationship with health)?
Measure of one's combined economic and social status, tends to be positively associated with health
What is a Healthy Environment?
Physical, social and political setting(s) that prevent dis-ease and promote health and wellbeing
What is a determinant (individual or population health)?
Individual - any factor, event, characteristic or other definable entity that brings about a change in health
Pop - any factor, event, characteristic or other definable entity that brings about a change in health but also takes account of the context in which populations exist
How does the Skills and Knowledge pathway affect health?
Increased health literacy
Improved health-promoting behaviours - diet, exercise, drugs and alcohol
Better ability to manage disease and health - following medical instructions
How is education measured?
Educational participation
Educational achievement
What are the pathways to health from SES?
Ability to purchase resources and services
Exposure to health risks and opportunities
What is the Built Environment? What are some examples of it and their affects on health?
Physical structures, spaces and products that are designed and engineered by people
Places where people work, play, live and socialize - eg. housing, workplace, schools, neighborhood conditions, transport routes, etc
Health-promoting or constraining features
Eg. living in an industrial area = poor air quality = poor health
What are the Social Determinants of Health? What are these shaped by?
The conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age
Shaped by the distribution of money, power and resources at a global, national and local levels
How does the Access to Resources pathway affect health?
Greater employment opportunities/ type - salary vs. shift, sick leave, pto, etc
Increased income - improved access to higher quality healthcare, housing, transport, etc
Increased purchasing power
What are the three pathways to health from education?
Access to Resources
Social and Psychological Benefits
Knowledge and Skills
What are the common SES measures?
Education
Housing
Income
Occupation/ employment
What is the Social Environment? What are some examples of it and their effect on health?
Stereotypes, social norms, social stressors, social connections and social cohesion
Eg. family attitudes around health and how that effects someone's health behaviours - family promote going to dr and preventative care vs. a family that doesn't
What are the fundamental assumptions of the Biomedical Model?
Illness is caused by bacteria, faulty gene/s, virus or accident
Mind-body dualism - the mind and body are separate
Objective and unbiased diagnosis and health care
Reductionist approach - reduce to/ isolate what is broken, not taking other kinda of health into account
What is Health Literacy?
The capacity to obtain, process and understand basic health information and services in orfer to make informed and appropriate health decisions
How does the Cause-and-Effect relationship between health and SES work?
Health effects SES because poor health can prevent your ability to have increased SES
Employment and income
SES effects health because increased SES can create better opportunities for better health
Education, quality of resources, access to resources
How does the Ability to purchase resources and services pathway affect health?
Purchasing power increases - ability to buy health promoting stuff: dr's appt, parking and childcare, lunch, time off work, etc
What are some examples of the Natural Environment and its effect on health?
Climate change - potential to worsen existing social and health inequities
That whole graph idk
What is an example of an international policy affecting NZ population health?
US Government subsidises corn farming in US
Corn is cheap to grow in the US
Corn products are cheap to produce
Corn products are cheap to buy to a customer in NZ
Corn products may be unhealthy and increase health risks
Negative health outcomes for people in NZ (more likely to affect people with lower incomes as they are limited to cheaper foods)
How does the Social and Psychological Benefits pathway affect health?
What is the Social Gradient in Health?
Those who are poorest have the poorest health outcomes compared to those who are wealthier
How does the Exposure to health risks and opportunities pathway affect health?
Increased SES = increased education = increased health literacy
What is Residential Segregation and how does this effect health?
Separation of groups by ethnic/ socioeconomic status based on place of residence
Concentrates and perpetuates disadvantage, normalises intergenerational trauma, reduces social capital, makes behaviour change difficult
Aspects that push peoples into certain areas - poor people being pushed into poor areas and then getting less/ lower quality resources, structures, healthcare etc