1
Name the 3 types of reproductive technologies
Selective Breeding, Artificial Pollination, Artificial Insemination
What is a gene pool
The total sum of all the alleles of the in a population
What two types of mutations cause a frameshift change
insertion and deletion
what is the form of DNA in Prokaryotes
Circular form
what is the form of DNA in eukaryotes
Linear form
Name one example of recombinant DNA
Insulin Production
Name the parts of the carpal of the flower 3 parts
Style, stigma, ovary
What does PCR do
Amplifies a tiny, specific segment of DNA into millions or billions of copies
what mis the difference between genetic drift and genetic flow
genetic drift is a random, chance-based change in a population's gene pool, while gene flow is the movement of genes (alleles) between different populations.
Give an example of gene therapy
Cystic Fibrosis (CF) gene
Name the 3 types of mutagens
1. Radiation or Ionising radiation eg UV
2. Infectious agents
3. Chemicals
Name the three types of point mutations
Single Base Substitution, Single Base Deletion, Single Base Insertion or Duplication
What is the significance effects of a mutation occurring in a coding vs no coding
Coding can impact the formation of a protein
Non - coding can impact the regulatory genes so a gene might be turned on for too long having an effect on the individual
What are the two types of errors in an experiment
Systematic, Random
what is Turner Syndrome
Turners Syndrome is when a female is missing an X Chromosome
Explain the process of DNA replication including all steps including enzymes involved
1. DNA Unwinds
2. DNA Unzips via helicase
3. Nucleotides Are Added - via DNA polymerase
4. DNA is Proofreading and Correction are made
5. Backbone is connected via Ligase
Name the parts of the stamen of a flower 2 parts
Anther and filament
what is reliability and what does it consist of
Results are reliable if repeated measurements under identical conditions give the same result
within acceptable error.
•Unreliable results can come from uncontrolled variables or random errors.
What is trisomy 21
The most common is a non-disjunction of chromosome 21 during “Meiosis II” cell division. After fertilisation, this results in 3 copies of chromosome 21 instead of the normal 2. This is described as “Trisomy-21”. The zygote has a total 47 chromosomes
what does Polyploidy refers to and in which organism does it occur
it occurs mainly in plant and refers to having extra complete sets of chromosomes
Explain all the steps of menstruation- Follicular phase including hormones produced
1. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is released to stimulate several partially developed follicles. Only one will later become dominant and release an egg.
2. These follicles secrete oestrogen.
3. Oestrogen levels build up as the follicles develop, causing the lining of the uterus (endometrium) to also develop.
4. Once the oestrogen reaches a threshold, luteinising hormone (LH) induces ovulation – the release of an egg
Explain the process of polypeptide synthesis - transcription
1.RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region of the DNA, marking where transcription begins.
2.The DNA double helix unwinds, and hydrogen bonds between the strands break, exposing the gene to be copied.
3.The non-coding (template) strand of DNA is used to build a complementary mRNA strand, where uracil (U) replaces thymine (T).
4.In eukaryotes, the initial transcript is called pre-mRNA, which contains exons (coding regions) and introns (non-coding regions).
5.The spliceosome removes introns, and the remaining exons are joined to form mature mRNA
Explain the process of polypeptide synthesis - translation -
1.The ribosome reads the mRNA strand and matches each mRNA
codon with a complementary tRNA anticodon in the cytoplasm.
2.Each tRNA molecule carries a specific amino acid, determined by
the codon it recognises. When pairing occurs, the amino acid is released from the tRNA.
3.The tRNA then returns to the cytoplasm to collect another amino acid.
4.Amino acids are joined together by peptide bonds, forming a growing polypeptide chain.
5.The completed polypeptide is then folded or modified into its final protein structure, sometimes combining with other polypeptides
Provide an example of a single point substitution
Sickle-Cell Anaemia is a genetic blood disorder in which the red blood cells take on an abnormal shape and may cause blockages in small blood vessels, with severe consequences. This condition is caused by a single base substitution mutation in the DNA coding for part of the haemoglobin molecule
What is the difference between stomatic and germline mutations
Somatic occur in body cells
germline involve gametes