Pregnancy Nutrition
How many extra calories are needed for each trimester?
1st: None
2nd: 340 kcal/day
3rd: 450 kcal/day
What is the main form of carbohydrate that infants consume?
Lactose
What ages are used for growth charts?
2-20 years old
What supplement do older individuals often take?
protein
What are the ages of infancy and toddlers?
Infancy: birth- one
Toddler: one-three
If an individual is overweight show they gain/lose/maintain weight? If an individual is at a healthy weight should they gain/lose/maintain weight?
Overweight: gain (just not as much as underweight or healthy individuals)
Healthy: gain weight
How many pounds should a healthy individual gain during pregnancy?
At what age should "weening" off breastfeeding start? What type of foods should be introduced?
6 months
pureed
How many times could it possibly take before food is accepted by a child?
8-15 times
What is sarcopenia?
a decline in skeletal muscle (and therefore strength)
What condition develops in older individuals that cause pitting in the foot from swelling?
edema
How much protein should be consumed during each trimester of pregnancy?
1st: 0.8 kg/body weight (46 g/day)
2nd and 3rd: 1.1 kg body weight (71 g/day)
Dental Carriers
List the eight common food allergens
shellfish, soy, sesame, tree nuts, fish, peanuts, dairy, eggs, and wheat
Why is there a decrease in calorie needs for older individuals?
Physical activity and metabolism decreases
What are the fatty acids that are essential to infants?
Omega 6 (linoleic)
Omega 3 (linolenic)
What vitamin should be consumed to prevent spina bifida (neural tube defects)? What vitamin should be consumed to prevent rickets?
Spina bifida: folic acid
Rickets: vitamin D
Why should cow's milk not be introduced until after age 1?
The molecules in milk are too large to digest for an infant (casein protein)
What is the difference between child and parent roles in eating?
Child's role: decides what food to select and how much to eat
Why is there a significant risk of dehydration?
-decline in thirst sensation
-decline in urine/kidney function
-medication side effects
-memory loss
-ability to buy enjoyed beverages
What nutrient should be increased in the diet to prevent constipation?
fiber
Explain the conditions listeriosis, toxoplasmosis gondii, pica, and FASD
Listeriosis: risky foods to consume due to bacteria being present if not cooked or prepared properly
Toxoplasmosis gondii: develops if a pregnant individual cleans a liter box
Pica: an eating disorder that deals with eating non-food substances
FASD: a disorder that develops if the pregnant individual consumes alcohol during pregnancy
Explain the differences between formula and breastfeeding
Breastfeeding: has antibodies, cheaper, baby may need to take vit D supplement
Formule: has different kinds for conditions, has vitamin D
Explain three ways to cope with picky eaters.
- allow children to pick healthy foods when shopping
- ask children to help prepare meals
- provide healthy choices
- provide same food as family
- offer new foods at beginning of meal
What is dysphagia? How are foods and liquids adjusted to accommodate this condition?
Dysphagia: difficulty swallowing
Foods: make them pureed, ground or chopped
Liquids: make them thicker
- consistencies of liquid: normal, nectar thick, honey-thick, spoon/pudding thick
Explain the different types of food that should be introduced at the various stages in infants.
4-6 months: pureed
6-8 months: strained vegetables
8-12 months: strained and chopped meats