Definitions (Castree)
James Bryce described this as "a meeting point between the sciences of Nature and the sciences of Man"
What is Geography
This approach, arguably the most dominant, focuses on the concerns and possible outcomes that result from human interaction and alteration with nonhumans, natural resources, and the environment.
What is the 'people and environment' perspective?
This definition of nature stems from the Enlightenment period and positions it as outside of society and inherently nonsocial and nonhuman.
What is external nature?
This field of geography is closely tied to new work on social nature often through Marxist, post-Marxist, feminist, antiracist, poststructuralist, anticolonial, and actor-network theories.
What is critical human geography?
This type of ecology is politically inert, focuses narrowly on local forces, and claims objectivity.
What is apolitical ecology?
The idea that few areas and aspects of nature are untouched by human hands
What is the breadth of society-nature relations?
This is one of the shared political commitments between the ecocentric and social approaches that describes analysis of perceived knowledge and interactions with nature with the intention of removing power relations.
What is critical diagnosis?
This definition of nature views characteristics as generalizable and there is a sense that it is all encompassing.
What is universal nature?
This claim supports the notion that nature is social because the understanding and evidence regarding the environment that humans develop is inherently reflective of their own biases.
What is knowing nature?
This apolitical approach draws on Thomas Malthus's Essay on the Principle of Population and argues that the primary driver for socio-ecological crisis is increasing human population.
What is ecoscarcity?
The idea that these relations 'extend all the way down' from observable environmental change to genetic modification
What is the depth of society-nature relations?
This approach, sometimes known as the nature-first approach, emphasizes respect for nature, critique and dismantling of economic & social systems contributing to nature's vulnerability, and urges a return to nature.
What is the ecocentric approach?
This is a sect within ecocentrism that emphasizes how humans have disturbed the natural order and that we must reorient ourselves to pursue a holistic earth or otherwise face an inevitable revenge.
What is Gaianism?
This claim supports the notion that nature is social because of the ways in which societies 'physically reconstitute nature, both intentionally and unintentionally.'
What is remaking nature?
This field is multidisciplinary both in theory and methods and a central assumption is that 'any tug on the strands of the global web of human-environment linkages reverberates throughout the system as a whole.'
What is political ecology?
The idea that what happens to nature is of substantial importance to humans and non-humans alike
What is the consequentiality of society-nature relations?
This is one of the shared political commitments between the ecocentric and social approaches that describes fostering future worlds through social and ecological justice from local to global levels.
What is normative prognosis?
What is intrinsic nature?
This claim supports the notion that nature is social because physical attributes or characteristics of nature are contingent upon and often times defined in relation to how societies use them.
This apolitical approach suggests that ecological crises are a result of a lack of adoption of technologies and markets, often from the global north, that could better manage, exploit, and conserve local enviroments.
What is modernization?
This is a 'promiscuous concept' because it is used in a multitude of ways by diverse peoples thus confirming Kate Soper's words that it "is at once...very familiar and extremely elusive."
What is Nature?
This approach sees nature as 'inescapably social' and asserts that nature is defined and habitually reshaped by society usually to serve said societies' social interests.
What is the social approach?
True or False: Nature can be known 'in itself' because the facts of nature are observable and knowable.
What is False?
Scholars like Moeckli, Anderson and Gregory talk of these or the theories that knowledges of nature have complex origins and outcomes and you cannot fully step outside of any claim about nature because they all draw upon social influences like gender, race, colonialism, etc.
Political ecology aims to address the state, dynamics, and influence within socio-ecological systems with explicit considerations of this
What are relations of power?