MUTATIONS
An agent that has the potential to damage/change the DNA sequence.
What is a mutagen?
The type of cell division that produces gametes.
What is meiosis?
The manual transfer of pollen from the anther of one plant to the stigma of another.
What is artificial pollination?
The enzyme used to cut DNA at specific sequences.
What is a restriction enzyme?
The movement of alleles between populations.
What is gene flow?
A mutation where a single nucleotide is replaced by another.
What is a substitution mutation?
The process where homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material.
What is crossing over?
The deliberate insertion of sperm into the female reproductive tract without sexual intercourse.
What is artificial insemination?
A circular DNA molecule used to transfer genes into bacteria.
What is a plasmid?
A random change in allele frequencies, especially in small populations.
What is genetic drift?
A mutation that results in a premature stop codon.
What is a nonsense mutation?
The random separation of chromosomes during meiosis I.
What is independent assortment?
A reproductive technology where fertilisation occurs outside the body in a laboratory.
What is in vitro fertilisation (IVF)?
The name given to an organism genetically engineered to contain some DNA from different species.
What is a transgenic organism?
A change in allele frequencies that occurs when a small group separates from a larger population to form a new population.
What is the founder effect?
A mutation that does not change the amino acid sequence due to redundancy in the genetic code.
What is a silent mutation?
The fusion of gametes from two parents.
What is fertilisation?
A process where an early IVF or cloned embryo is deliberately split to produce genetically identical offspring.
What is artificial twinning?
The type of genetic material made from combining the DNA from two different sources
What is recombinant DNA?
A sharp reduction in population size due to a random event, leading to reduced genetic diversity.
What is the bottleneck effect?
A insertion/deletion mutation where the number of affected nucleotides that is not a multiple of three.
What is a frameshift mutation?
The term describing the random combination of alleles during gamete formation and fertilisation.
What is genetic variation?
The production of a genetically identical organism using a somatic cell, such as in the case of Dolly the sheep.
What is cloning?
The gene-editing technology that uses guide RNA to locate a target sequence in the DNA.
What is CRISPR-Cas9?
The principle stating allele frequencies remain constant if no evolution occurs.
What is the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?