Mutation
Any permanent change in the DNA sequence of an organism.
What is a mutation?
The use of living organisms or their products to make or modify a product or process.
What is biotechnology?
Gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments according to this property.
What is size (length)?
Agents such as UV radiation, X-rays and certain chemicals that increase the rate of mutation are called these.
What are mutagens?
These enzymes cut DNA at specific recognition sequences, often leaving "sticky ends."
What are restriction enzymes?
This technique determines the exact order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule.
What is DNA sequencing?
Mutations in these cells can be passed on to offspring, while mutations in somatic cells cannot.
What are germline cells (gametes)?
This small, circular piece of bacterial DNA is commonly used as a vector to carry a gene into a host cell.
What is a plasmid?
In CRISPR-Cas9, this molecule directs the Cas9 enzyme to the target DNA sequence.
What is guide RNA?
In sickle cell disease, a single base substitution changes one amino acid in haemoglobin. This is the name for a substitution that results in a different amino acid.
What is a missense mutation?
This enzyme joins a gene into a plasmid by sealing the sugar-phosphate backbone.
What is DNA ligase?
This approach treats a genetic disorder by introducing a functional copy of a gene into a patient's cells.
What is gene therapy?
A substitution that changes an amino acid codon into a stop codon, producing a shortened polypeptide.
What is a nonsense mutation?
An organism that contains a gene from a different species is described by this term.
What is a transgenic organism?
Human insulin produced by bacteria is made using this type of DNA.
What is recombinant DNA?