SPINE - Systems
Muscles that cause flexion are called _____ and muscles that cause extension are called ______
flexors, extensors
Neurons release [what neurotransmitter] onto the motor end plate
acetylcholine / ACh
lateral (voluntary movement) and ventromedial (posture)
Monosynaptic connections from PMC to motor neurons are _______ [excitatory or inhibitory?]
excitatory
Little person in latin
homunculus
Three types of muscle cells
Smooth, striated, skeletal
What is sarcolemma?
excitable membrane enclosing a muscle fiber
The corticospinal tract starts at the primary motor cortex, passes through the cerebral peduncle, and decussates in the ______, before going to the spine.
medula
Polysynaptic connections to the spinal _______ that connect to the motor neurons are inhibitory.
interneurons
Mike the headless chicken shows that a chicken doesn't need the brain to survive and do basic movements because there are ______
spinal motor programs
Lower motor neuronrs are organized into spinal segments forming the _______ and project out to form the _____ of the spinal nerve.
ventral horn, ventral root
Muscle contractions happen because _________ slide along ________ pulling the Z-lines together
think filaments, thick filaments
The ___________ controls voluntary movement, procedural learning, habit learning, reward learning and addiction.
basal ganglia
M1 neurons encode _____ and _____ of movement.
direction and force
the ability of the brain's connections to change is called
plasticity
A motor neuron pool is all the ______ that innervate a single muscle (multiple muscle fibers)
alpha neurons
____ binds to actin and undergoes a conformational change that pivots the myosin pulling the actin (thin-thick filaments slide)
myosin
The ______ compares what movement is intended with what happened.
cerebellum
Area 6 of the cortex corresponds to the _________ and the ________.
premotor area, supplementary motor area
_____ of the cortex plans a movement. ____ executes the movement.
Area 6 (PMA and SMA); M1/Area 4
_______ are sensory apparati in the muscles that send feedback about their stretch.
muscle spindles
____ binds to ____, which usually blocks myosin from actin, allowing myosin to pivot and pull actin
Ca2+, troponin
The ____ of the basal ganglia enhances initiation of movements. The ______ of the basal ganglia suppresses this activity to abort competing or inappropriate programs.
direct pathway, indirect pathway
______ respond when a monkey sees another monkey perform the same action.
mirror neurons
___________ activate to contract the slacking intrafusal muscle, so the body receive information about it's stretch.
gamma motor neurons