Module 23 A
The persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information
memory
iconic vs echoic memory, go
visual vs auditory information
The tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
serial position effect
(recency effect & primacy effect)
an inability to form new memories
anterograde amnesia
Excitement or stress triggers hormone production and provokes the amygdala to engage memory. known for vividness and confidence in recall
flashbulb memories
what are the 3 effortful processing strategies?
chunking, mnemonics, hierarchies
an example of massed-practice
cramming
emotions that accompany good or bad events become retrieval cues
mood-congruent memory
what is state-dependent memory?
two things that contribute to encoding failure
age and attention -- 90% of things ignored (concert, apple logo)
when cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.
deja vu
which information processing module focuses on the two-track brain, parallel processing, and views memories as products of of interconnected neural networks?
Connectionism information-processing model
(Information-processing model includes encoding storage and retrieval)
the Atkinson-Shiffrin model includes 3 stages of information processing, what are they?
sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory
(working memory was developed later)
Increase in a synapse’s firing potential after brief stimulation therefore increasing the likelihood of an experience being stored in your long-term memory
long term potentiation
what neurotransmitter is associated with this?
involves a loss of memory, often due to brain trauma, injury, or disease -- course of forgetting is initially rapid, then levels off with time
storage decay
The idea that cues and contexts specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping recall
encoding specificity principle
what are the 3 measures of memory?
recall, recognition, relearning
what kind of processing is it when information takes the "back door" to long-term memory?
automatic processing
(most implicit memories)
the memory system plays an important role in forming and storing memories created by classical conditioning as well as memories of physical skills?
implicit memory system
which structures are key here?
a process which previously stored memories, when retrieved, are potentially altered before being stored again
reconsolidation
information regarding space, time, or frequency is processed how?
automatically
(running into someone 3x in a day)
Verbal information is processed at different levels that affect long-term retention, what are those two levels of processing?
shallow and deep processing-- for an extra 100 points, can you define each?
this type of memory is used to plan and carry out behavior. for example, baking a cake without making the mistake of adding the same ingredient twice. this type of memory is generally viewed as the combination of multiple components working together
working memory
there are two types of memory associated with our explicit memory system, state and define them!
semantic: facts and general knowledge
episodic: personally experienced events
when older memories make it more difficult to remember new information
proactive interference
a molecule that is activated during stressful/emotional experiences that contributes to the formation of flashbulbs memories
glucose