Microbiology and Infectious Disease
With C diff testing we want to always target which pathogenic toxin?
Toxin B -- tcdB gene
A tumor growth that draws increased blood flow to the area to support itself
What is are the 2 genes that fuse together to form the Philadelphia chromosome?
BCR-ABL
The Major Histocompatibility Complex gene locus (codes HLA membrane proteins) is on what chromosome?
Chromosome 6
DISCUSSION: If there was a test that could predict how old you will be when you die, would you want to know the results? Why or Why not?
No wrong answers here!! Everyone is entitled to their own opinion and beliefs
Which VRE gene is intrinsic and non transferable?
vanA and vanB are transferrable and involved in acquired resistance
These mutations are not inherited and occur only in the cells of the affected tissue as opposed to mutations that occur in every cell of the body.
Somatic mutations (can be either oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes)
vs Germline mutations which are inherited
CML patients with the Philadelphia chromosome respond well to what type of therapy?
Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor therapy (Gleevac - Imatinib)
DR, DP, and DQ are what class of HLA antigens?
Class II
Class I (A, B, C)
List one limitation of MALDI-TOF for bacterial identification?
Difficult to distinguish similar organisms such as E coli and Shigella, Cannot correctly identify Strep viridans group, if it's not in the library it can't ID it, no antibiotic resistance info, not available 24/7
Which control can help us determine the presence of inhibitors in the sample? Describe the results.
Internal control/Amplification control - this is a sequence that should always amplify and if it failed indicates inhibitors were present
Mutations in these genes are loss-of-function, recessive, and involved in inherited cancers.
Tumor Suppressor Genes
They function normally to steer deviant cells into apoptosis and lose this function when mutated.
A somatic mutation in this gene is seen in 95% of patients with PV?
JAK2
The ____ gene and the ____ gene are in tandem on chromosome 1 with a tail to tail orientation.
RHD and RHCE genes
What are the 2 possible gases used to fragment molecules in the collision cell of Tandem Mass Spec?
Argon or Xenon
This molecular method uses a labeled probe containing a specific sequence without amplification. Signal detection represents positive results.
Direct Hybridization methods: Microarrays
What treatment is used for a Her2/neu + breast cancer?
Monoclonal Ab therapy such as Herceptin
*Her2/neu is an oncogene and amplification results in aggressive tumor growth/proliferation
Using qPCR to monitor a mutation during treatment we observe a 3 log decrease in BCR-ABL product. What is this decreased called and what does it mean for the patient's prognosis?
Major Molecular Response and if achieved within 1 year of treatment indicates better overall survival
HLA alleles are inherited as ____________, and there is a ______% chance of a child matching a sibling.
Inherited as HAPLOTYPES with a 25% or 1 in 4 chance of matching
Acceleration
Ionization- losing an electron to become + charged
Acceleration- into a beam to pass through the magnetic field
Detection (mass/charge)
What 2 structural genes are commonly used as target sequences to differentiate bacterial pathogens?
16s or 23s rRNA
What molecular method is used to detect microsatellite instability?
PCR to detect the instability (extra products)
Sequencing to detect the actual gene mutation
Using PCR to detect a clonality would require primers against what region(s) of the Immunoglobulin heavy chain?
Primers against the V and J regions would allow us to see a monoclonal population as a single PCR product
What normal B cell CD marker is expressed in both immature and mature cells and is frequently used in Flow Cytometry assays?
CD 19
CD 10 early B cells, CD 20 mature B cells only
What are the 3 clinically significant subtypes of HIV-1?
M, N, O subtypes
Viral load assays target structural proteins (long terminal repeats and gag region) to quantify these subtypes