Molecular Biology and Gene Regulation

Molecular and Biology Basics

100

This process converts DNA into RNA

Transcription

200

These cellular structures are responsible for protein synthesis

Ribosomes

300

This term describes the process by which RNA is used to produce proteins.

Translation

400

The central dogma of molecular biology describes the flow of information from DNA to RNA to this molecule.

Protein

Gene Regulation

100

These DNA regions help initiate transcription

promoters

200

This type of modification, like DNA methylation, can affect gene activity without altering the DNA sequence.

epigenetic modification

300

These DNA sequences enhance the expression of specific genes when bound by transcription factors.

enhancers

400

This process ensures that genes are expressed only when and where they are needed.

gene regulation

Cancer Cells

100

Mutations in these genes, BRCA1 and BRCA2, increase the risk of breast and ovarian cancer.

BRCA1 and BRCA2

200

Cancer cells exhibit uncontrolled growth due to the overactivation of these genes.

oncogenes

300

This process is impaired in BRCA-mutant cells, leading to an accumulation of mutations.

DNA repair

400

This type of cancer therapy aims to kill cancer cells by exploiting their specific genetic weaknesses.

targeted therapy

Drug Resistance

100

Cancer cells may become resistant to PARP inhibitors by restoring function of this gene.

BRCA

200

This enzyme, upregulated in resistant cancer cells, allows DNA repair without BRCA or PARP pathways

Polθ (or polymerase theta)

300

Combination therapies aim to prevent this common problem in cancer treatment.

drug resistance

400

This concept describes the condition in which cancer cells die due to the simultaneous loss of multiple DNA repair pathways.

synthetic lethality