Protein Synthesis
creates proteins from DNA instructions
what is protein synthesis?
refers to an organism or cell with two sets of chromosomes
what is diploid?
segment of DNA that does not code for proteins
what are introns?
segment of DNA that contains protein-coding information and various regulatory (e.g., promoter) and noncoding (e.g., introns) regions
what is a gene?
creates two identical strands of DNA from one. an important precursor to cell division
what is DNA replication?
organic molecules that are the building blocks of protein
each of the 20 different blank have their own unique chemical property
they are also chained together to form proteins
what are amino acids?
haploid cells referred to as an egg and sperm that will fuse together during sexual reproduction to form a diploid organism
what are gametes?
a sequence that comprises three DNA nucleotides that together code for a protein
what are codons?
the location of a gene on a chromosome
what is the locus?
a small sequence of nucleotides that bind DNA to start the process of DNA replication or polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
what is a primer?
the process by which DNA nucleotides (within a gene) are copied, which results in a messenger RNA molecule
what is transcription?
The process that somatic cells undergo to divide. The end of this results in two diploid daughter cells
what is mitosis?
preparatory period of the cell cycle when increased metabolic demand allows for DNA replication and doubling of the cell prior to cell division
what is interphase?
alternate versions of a gene that may result in different expressions of a trait
what is an allele?
the assembly of new DNA from template strands with the help of DNA polymerases
what is elongation?
the process by which messenger RNA codons are read and amino acids are “chained together” to form proteins
what is translation?
a cellular process that occurs during meiosis I in which homologous chromosomes pair up and sister chromatids on different chromosomes physically swap genetic information
what is genetic recombination?
DNA template strand in which replication proceeds continuously
what is a leading strand?
a matching pair of chromosomes wherein one chromosome is maternally inherited and the other is paternally inherited
what are homologous chromosomes?
enzyme that adds nucleotides to existing nucleic acid strands during DNA replication. These enzymes can be distinguished by their processivity
what is DNA polymerase?
RNA molecule that is transcribed from DNA. Its tri-nucleotide codons are “read” by a ribosome to build a protein
what are messenger RNA?
The process that gametes undergo to divide. The end of this results in four haploid daughter cells
what is meiosis?
DNA template strand that is opposite to the leading strand. Therefore, DNA replication proceeds discontinuously, generating Okazaki fragments
what is a lagging strand?
chemical bonding between nucleotides, like adenine (A) and thymine (T) or cytosine (C) and guanine (G) in DNA; or (A) and uracil (U) in RNA
what are base pairs?
during DNA replication, they are produced on the chromosome
in cell division, they are pulled apart so that two cells can be formed
in meiosis, they are also the sites of genetic recombination
what are sister chromatids?