DNA
What are the four nitrogenous bases present in DNA?
adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine
What is one way that RNA is different than DNA?
- single stranded vs. double stranded
- uracil instead of thymine
- ribose instead of deoxyribose
An anticodon is a sequence of 3 bases on _________.
tRNA
Which two scientists are credited for discovering the double-helix structure of DNA?
Watson and Crick
What is the primary difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Eukaryotes have a nucleus and organelles
A G T C C G A T A G C G G A T
T C A G G C T A T C G C C T A
What are the four bases present in RNA?
adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil
Where in the cell do transcription and translation occur?
transcription takes place in the nucleus, and translation takes place in the ribosome
What did Hershey and Chase use in their experiment in 1952
Viruses (and radioactive tags which either tagged the DNA or the protein coat)
What is the primary component of the cell walls of fungi?
Chitin
What are the three basic roles of DNA
Store genetic information
Be copied
Transmit
What is the name of the sugar found in RNA?
ribose
What is the sequence of the complementary mRNA transcript for the template strand of DNA below?
C T A C A G G T C A G C T T A C G
G A U G U C C A G U C G A A U G C
What was the conclusion of Frederick Griffith's 1928 experiment?
Dead bacteria cells contain some factor that allows them to "pass along" traits to living bacteria cells
What are three kinds of horizontal gene transfer?
Transformation, conjugation, transduction
What is the purpose of DNA replication?
In order for a cell to divide, its genetic material must be duplicated. Therefore, both cells can have a complete copy of the genetic material.
What are the 3 types of RNA involved in protein synthesis?
mRNA (messenger RNA), rRNA (ribosomal RNA), and tRNA (transfer RNA)
What is a chain of amino acids called?
Protein
What is a gene?
A region of DNA that results in a protein or an RNA molecule
What is a mutagen?
A physical or chemical agent that interacts with DNA and causes mutations
What are two enzymes used in DNA replication? What does each one do?
DNA Helicase: unwinds and unzips the DNA
DNA Polymerase: reads the template strand and forms a complementary strand of DNA from free nucleotides
bonus: ligase
Explain the function of each type of RNA used in protein synthesis.
mRNA: provides the template for making the protein
tRNA: brings correct amino acid during translation
rRNA: makes up the structure of the ribosome
Explain the key components of a tRNA molecule. Then, explain how a tRNA molecule functions correctly.
A tRNA molecule has a specific amino acid that corresponds to its anticodon. This allows it to match up with the complementary mRNA codon and bring the correct amino acid to the ribosome.
Name and explain the three kinds of mutations
Point shift
Substitution
Chromosomal
Give an example of an autotrophic protist
Phytoplankton, giant bladder kelp, zooxanthellae, euglena