Molecular Genetics

Replication

100

This is the enzyme that unwinds the DNA helix at the start of replication 

Helicase

200

These proteins prevent the separated DNA strands from rejoining during replication

Single Stranded Binding Proteins (SSB)

300

This is the term for the short fragments synthesized on the lagging strand during DNA replication

Okazaki fragments

400

 This enzyme replaces RNA primers with DNA nucleotides during replication.

DNA Polymerase I

500

This describes the model of DNA replication where each new DNA molecule consists of one original strand and one new strand.

Semi-conservative

Transcription

100

This enzyme is responsible for constructing the transcript strand in transcription

RNA Polymerase

200

This is the region of DNA where RNA polymerase binds to begin transcription.

Promoter

300

This is the specific sequence within a promoter that is rich in T and A bases in eukaryotes.

TATA box 

400

This is a repetitive sequence added to a mRNA transcript to prevent degredation of the coding region

Poly-A Tail

500

This is the process by which portions of the pre-mRNA are removed

Splicing 

Translation

100

 This molecule carries the genetic code from DNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis

mRNA (messenger RNA)

200

These are the three-base sequences on mRNA that code for specific amino acids

Codons

300

This molecule has an anti-codon and carries a specific amino acid to the ribosome.

tRNA (transfer RNA) 

400

This is the protein synthesis machinery that facilitates the bonding between amino acids.

Ribosome

500

This is the first codon that initiates translation, and codes for methionine.

AUG

Regulation of Gene Expression

100

This is a group of genes whose expression is regulated by a single promoter

Operon

200

This molecule binds to the lac repressor, causing it to release the operator

Allolactose

300

These are proteins that help general transcription factors and RNA polymerase assemble

Activators

400

This type of operon is usually on and can be turned off when product levels are high

Repressible

500

This term describes how multiple factors work together to determine whether a gene is expressed

Molecular logic

Mutations & Biotechnology

100

This type of mutation has no effect on the amino acid sequence of a protein

Silent mutation 

200

This type of mutation results in a change in the amino acid sequence.

Missense

300

This type of mutation introduces a premature stop codon.

Nonsense 

400

This type of mutation is caused by the addition or deletion of bases, altering the reading frame.

Frameshift

500

These enzymes recognize and cut DNA at specific sequences.

Restriction enzymes