MOLECULAR GENETICS (SIMPLE)

GENE STRUCTURE

100

DNA & RNA are polymers of nucleotides

What is A, T, C, G, and U?

200

1) Griffin found ____

2) Avery, Mcarty, MacLeod found ___

1) Transformation (some chemical component caused a heritable change)

2) Only DNA causes transformation

300

1) Pyrimidine (____) =  _ and _

2) Purines (____) = _ and _

1) Single ring, T and C

2) Double Ring, A and G

400

1) Hershey & Chase found 

2) Chargaff found that

1) Viruses use DNA to infect other cells, not protein

2) A = T and G - C

500

1) Franklin used

2) Watson & Crick found

1) X-rays to determine DNA structure

2) The DNA model (Double Helix)

DNA REPLICATION

100

DNA model

What is semi-conservative model? 

(2 DNA strands separate; each strand serves as a pattern to make a new complementary strand; each copy has one old & one new strand)

200

Step 1: ___

Step 2: ___

DOUBLE POINTS: Eukaryote = __ & Prokaryote = __

1) Initiation (origins or "bubbles"; replication "forks)

2) Elongation (DNA is antiparallel; leading, goes to fork, vs lagging, goes from fork)

3) Multi bubbles & One bubble

300

Double helix features (there are 4 listed)

*EXTRA POINTS IF YOU EXPLAIN MORE OR ADD MORE!

- Two sugar phosphate backbones

- Complementary base pairing rules (Genetic information is stored in the order of the nucleotide bases)

- Hydrogen bonds (bases) & Covalent bonds (backbone)

- Antiparallel backbones (5' and 3' ends of a nucleotide)

400

1) Enzymes & their functions involved in DNA replication

*DOUBLE POINTS IF YOU CAN NAME THE PIECES (AKA FRAGMENTS) 

1) Helicase (separates double strands), DNA Polymerase (builds the strand), Ligase (joins lagging strand pieces)

500

1) Step 3: ___ 

2) Telomeres: ___

1) Termination (prevents unraveling of DNA, shortens with replication, associated with aging)

2) Ends of chromosomes

CENTRAL DOGMA

100

Types of RNA and functions

What is mRNA (instructions to build protein), tRNA (has amino acids for proteins), and rRNA (forms the ribosome)?

200

1) Transcription: __

2) DNA __ in the nucleus

1) Synthesis of RNA under the direction of DNA

2) Stays

300

1) Translation: __

2) RNA can __ the nucleus

1) Synthesis of proteins under the direction of RNA

2) Leave

400

mRNA Editing components

Introns (removed pieces of RNA) & Exons (remaining RNA code) 

500

1) Code is based on

2) Codons: __

*EXTRA POINTS IF YOU CAN DECODE TAG-CTG-AGC & NAME THE AMINO ACID

1) triplets

2) Series of nonoverlapping three-base "words"; three nucleotides = one amino acid

3) AUC-GAC-UCG = Ile-Asp-Ser

MUTATIONS

100

Silent mutation

What is no effect?

200

Missense has __

Different amino acid

300

Improved: __ 

Enhances the success of the mutant

400

Nonsense: __

Changes to stop codon

500

Frameshift: __

Alters reading frame (deletes/inserts)

VIRUSES/BACTERIA

100

Living status of viruses

What is not alive

200

1) Viruses: __

2) Consists of:

1) An infectious particle

2) Nucleic acid (DNA or RNA), Capsid (Protein coat), Membrane envelope (in some cases) 

300

1) Lytic Cycle: __

2) Happens fast or slow?

1) Viral particles are produced using host cell components but directed by viral DNA; host cell lysis, and viruses are released

2) Fast

400

Lysogenic Cycle: __

Viral DNA (prophage) inserted into host, then is duplicated; Most prophage genes are inactive & environmental signals cause switch to lytic cycle

500

Bacteria's three methods to move genes: __

1) Transformation (uptake of DNA from the environment)

2) Transduction (gene transfer by phages (viruses))

3) Conjugation: transfer of DNA from a donor to a recipient cell through a mating bridge.