Diagnostic Criteria
What is the minimum age to take the BDI?
13
Which 2 neurotransmitters are in the Monoamine Hypothesis?
Serotonin & Noradrenaline
What are 5-HT2C and 5-HTT responsible for, respectively?
5-HT2C - post-synaptic receptors
5-HTT - pre-synaptic reuptake pumps (Transporter molecules)
What are the 2 psychological explanations?
Beck's Cognitive Theory of Depression/Beck's Cognitive Triad
Learned Helplessness
What are the 4 types of antidepressants?
Tricyclics, MAOIs, SSRIs, SNRIs
What is the difference between Beck's Cognitive Restructuring and CBT?
Not trying to "fix" the negative thoughts - just identifying them
Why is Depression called Unipolar?
It only goes to one "pole" - the south/low pole - because the person fluctuates between normal and low
How is the Serotonin reuptake pump linked to depression?
It is working too hard, pumping all the Serotonin back into the pre-synaptic neuron
What is meant by "epigenetics"?
The environment can turn off/on certain genes.
How do we get negative thoughts, according to Beck?
Stems from rejection in important figures in childhood
Cipriani et al. (2018) did a _____________________ of 522 studies to show that antidepressants are effective
Meta-analysis
What are the 3 main methods used in Cognitive Restructuring?
- Psychoeducation
- Homework (like a diary)
- Socrative Questioning
Name 2 symptoms of Mania
- Irritability
- Grandiosity
-Increased energy/activity
-Rapid speech/thoughts
- decreased need for sleep
- impulsivity & recklessness
What is the concordance rate of Bipolar, according to Bertelsen et al. (1977)?
62% in MZ twins; 8% in DZ twins
Outline the background of the study by Oruc et al. (1997).
- depression was linked to 5-HT2C because it affects appetite control & appetite is a symptom of depression
- depression was linked to 5-HTT because transporter molecules are affected by antidepressants
What are "Arbitrary Inferences"?
Assuming negative beliefs from others when there is no evidence to say otherwise
What is the Nocebo effect?
When people feel side effects from a medication even though they have a placebo
What does the ABCD stand for in the REBT Model?
A - Activating Events
B - Beliefs
C - Consequences
D - Disputing
What is the required length of a depressive episode AND of a manic episode?
2 weeks and 1 week
Name 2 features of the experimental sample in Oruc et al. (1997)
- all were Croatian
- Opportunity sampling
- 25 females & 17 males
- Aged 31-70
- 16 participants had at least 1st-degree relative with a mood disorder
1. Personalization
2. Global
3. Pervasiveness
How does an SSRI work?
Blocks reuptake pumps for Serotonin, forcing Serotonin to be absorbed by post-synaptic cell
Identify one of the "musts" of musturbation and how that would impact depression.
1. People must approve of what I do
2. Others must treat me well
3. I must get what I want and not what I don't want
What is the main difference between Bipolar 1 & 2
Bipolar 1 = mania; Bipolar 2 = hypomania (less intense symptoms of mania)
What is the difference between Monoamine Hypothesis and Monoamine Oxidase?
Monoamine Hypothesis - says Serotonin controls Noradrenaline
Monoamine Oxidase - enzymes that eat Serotonin & Noradrenaline from the synaptic gap
Which alleles were more common in females in Bipolar on both 5-HT2C & 5-HTT
S allele of 5-HT2C & Allele 1 of 5-HTT
What type of study was Seligman et al. (1988) about attributional styles?
Correlation between Attributional Styles Questionnaire & BDI
Why are MAOIs NOT the first choice for prescription?
They have extreme side effects - including increased risk of stroke because it targets both Noradrenaline & Serotonin
75% vs. 25%
What % of people were symptom-free for 2 years with cognitive restructuring AND antidepressants vs. just antidepressants?