Name That Philosopher
This deontologist is credited as the creator of the Categorical Imperative
Who is Immanuel Kant?
As long as an entity possesses this ability to feel pleasure and pain, they are worthy of moral consideration according to Utilitarians
What is sentience?
For Held, care is both a practice and a this
What is a value?
This branch of utilitarianism follows a set of rules that have proven to promote pleasure
What is rule utilitarianism?
According to Mill, if one is eating junk food, they are experiencing this type of pleasure
What is lower pleasure?
This philosopher argued there is a qualitive difference between human and nonhuman pleasure
Who is John Stuart Mill?
According to care-based reasoning, promoting and sustaining these is what makes an action morally correct
What are relationships?
This type of duty, such as volunteering at a soup kitchen, is one we must fulfill only sometimes
What is an imperfect duty?
Kant does not judge an action based on its potential consequences, instead he judges it based on the action's this
What is maxim/intention?
Mill reminds us that it is better to be a dissatisfied human than this farm animal satisfied
What is a pig?
This philosopher argued that the first step to behaving morally is asking what the virtuous person would do
Who is Aristotle?
Instead of how well one follows a set of rules, moral agents are judged based on this according to virtue ethicists
What is (internal) character?
Aristotle believes all humans strive towards this Greek word meaning "human flourishing"
What is eudaimonia?
Following this standard allows us to find the middle between the excess and deficiency of a virtue
What is the golden mean/doctrine of the mean?
This type of caring arises when natural caring is absent
What is ethical caring?
This philosopher encourages us to focus on those who depend on us such as children, the elderly, people with severe disabilities, and those affected by global injustices
Who is Virginia Held?
According to Aristotle, in order to achieve excellence, humans must perform this function of man well
What is rational activity?
A Noddingsian term meaning to direct one's energy at the service of the person cared for
What is motivational displacement?
This rule measures how moral an action is based on how much happiness it produces
What is the Greatest Happiness Principle/Principle of Utility?
Immanuel Kant uses this thought experiment to illustrate why it is wrong to lie
What is the Murderer at the Door?
This philosopher distinguished between two types of relationships: care-for (hands-on, active caring) and care-about (broad, less direct)
Who is Nel Noddings?
According to Kant, robbing a human's this is the worst thing you can do
What is (rational) autonomy?
Utilitarian moral reasoning requires us to embody this three-word role in order for us to be impartial and good-natured when making ethical decisions
What is a disinterested benevolent spectator?
The first formulation of the Categorical Imperative
What is the Principle of Universalizibility?
According to the second formulation of the Categorical Imperative, we should treat other rational beings as ends and never merely as this
What are means?