whoops more research
type of validity that assesses whether observed effects of the IV on the DV are real & not caused by extraneous factors
Internal Validity
deterioration of existing defenses
decompensation
A student, struggling with feelings of inadequacy or rejection at home, begins to disrupt class by making loud, inappropriate comments or by purposely failing to complete assignments.
acting out
How can you guarentee confidentiality in a group setting?
based on finding the ‘one’ best way to perform each task; carefully matching each worker to each task; closely supervising workers, using reward & punishment as motivators; & managing/controlling behavior
Scientific Managment Theory (theory X)
type of validity that assesses how generalizable inferences are to the general population
external validity
person adopts affect, ideas, attitudes, or behaviors that are opposites of those they harbor
reaction formation
an employee who has had a stressful interaction with their boss, where they feel criticized and unfairly treated. Unable to express their frustration directly to the boss due to fear of repercussions, the employee later goes home and becomes irritable with their spouse or children.
displacement
when a group makes faulty decisions because of group pressures; tend to ignore alternatives and tend to take irrational actions that dehumanize other groups
group think
emphasized need for hierarchical structure of power to ensure stability & uniformity
Weber’s Bureaucratic Theory
ability to get consistent assessments by reducing random errors associated w/ its collection
reliability
overestimation of an admired aspect or attribute of another
idealization
in a situation where a child is consistently bullied by a classmate, the child might start imitating the bully's behavior, becoming more aggressive themselves toward other students.
Identification with the aggressor
occurs during group decision making when discussion strengthens a dominant point of view and results in a shift to a more extreme position than any of the members would adopt on their own
group polarization
reaction to the tough, authoritarian structure of classical theory; genuine concern for human needs in order to produce creativity & emphasized importance of cohesive work groups, participatory leadership, & open communication
Human Relations Theory (Theory Y)
validity which examines whether the measure appears to be assessing the intended construct
face validity
potentially maladaptive feelings or behaviors are diverted into socially acceptable, adaptive channels (i.e. person with angry feelings channels them into athletics)
sublimation
a person might recount a traumatic experience, such as the loss of a loved one, in a very detached and factual manner, without displaying any signs of sadness or grief. They may describe the event in a logical, emotionless way, even though the experience would normally evoke strong emotional reactions
isolation of affect
If you thought it was intellectualization, that makes sense
Intellectualization is a defense mechanism in which a person deals with emotional stress or anxiety by focusing on abstract, logical, or intellectual aspects of a situation, rather than confronting the emotional aspects. This allows them to avoid feeling vulnerable or overwhelmed by the emotions tied to the situation. For example, after receiving a serious medical diagnosis, a person might focus solely on the technical details of the illness, such as treatment options or medical statistics, and avoid addressing their feelings of fear, sadness, or anger about the diagnosis. By distancing themselves from the emotional reality of the situation, they may feel more in control, but this can prevent them from processing the emotional weight of the experience.
What are the stages of group development?
Preaffiliation (Forming)
Power and Control (Storming
Intimacy (Norming)
Differentiation (Performing)
Separation/Termination (adjourning)
considers the org. as a system composed of a set of interrelated, mutually dependent subsystems
systems approach
'false positive’ error – detecting an effect that isn’t actually present
Type 1
perceiving self and others as “all good” or “all bad”
splitting
BPD
a child raised in an environment where they are constantly told that "failure is unacceptable" may internalize this belief to the point where they become overly critical of themselves, even in situations where failure is not a realistic concern. Instead of forming their own values or beliefs, the child has unconsciously adopted the harsh standards of their caregivers or society
introjection
What stage of group dev
in a support group for individuals dealing with grief, the group members have moved beyond initial introductions and surface-level interactions. During a session, one member shares a deeply personal story about losing a loved one, and others respond with empathy and vulnerability, revealing similar experiences. This openness fosters a strong sense of camaraderie, where members feel comfortable expressing their emotions without fear of judgment. At this stage, the group becomes a safe space for sharing, and the bonds between members strengthen as they begin to provide emotional support and comfort to one another.
Intimacy
Norming
recognizes that org. systems are interrelated with their environment & different environments require different org. systems for effectiveness
contingency or situational approach