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Morpheme types
WF processes 1
WF processes 2
Basic notions 1
Basic notions 2
100
Analyse in detail the following words: The Queen
free grammatical / free lexical
100
Name the word formation processes: (19) OED (24) baker (26) impossible
(19) initialism (24) suffixation (26) prefixation
100
Name and explain in detail the word formation process: (29) childish
suffixation, free lexical morpheme + bound lexical, new word, change of word class from noun to adjective (typical for suffixes)
100
Define the notions phoneme and allophone.
phoneme = the smallest linguistic unit that differentiates meaning allophone = the concrete realisation of a phoneme depending on sound surroundings or position (also contextual variant)
100
What does it mean, if we say that the linguistic sign is arbitrary?
The link between the mental concept and the form of the word is not motivated, there is no reason why we use a particular word for a particular meaning, the relation is just based on convention.
200
Analyse in detail the following words: likes to stay
free lexical+bound grammatical / free grammatical / free lexical
200
Name the word formation processes: (30) brunch (25) burgle (29) loneliness
(30) blending (25) backformation (29) double suffixation
200
Indicate the stem in: (35) reconsidering (36) disappointments
(35) reconsider (36) disappointment
200
Give two examples for an inflecting language.
German, Old English, Latin, Greek, Arabic
200
What does IPA stand for?
International Phonetic Association or International Phonetic Alphabet
300
Analyse in detail the following words: on going to
free grammatical / free lexical+bound grammatical / free grammatical
300
Which of the lexemes in exercise 4 are endocentric (determinative) compounds and why?
(22) greenhouse (23) bus driver (27) copyright (33) waterproof = modifier-head structure, head is what is determined by the modifier; a+b is a kind of b
300
Indicate all bases and root in (31) atomizeable (36) disappointment
(31) base = atomize; root = atom (32) base = disappoint; root = appoint
300
What does auditory phonetics do?
They investigate the perception of speech sounds, what happens when the sound reaches the hearer's ear and how the signal is transferred to the brain and recognized as speech sound.
300
Give examples for distinctive and redundant features of phonemes in English and German.
Intensity of articulation in vowels and consonants in English is redundant. Shape of lips is distinctive in German but not in English vowels
400
Analyse in detail the following words: at Balmoral Castle and insists
free grammatical / free lexical / free lexical / free grammatical/ free lexical+bound grammatical
400
Name and explain the word formation processes: (20) redbreast
(20) endocentric compound = Bahuvrihi compound, formally has a modifier-head structure, but semantic head is outside the compound, refers to something outside; a+b is neither a nor b
400
Indicate possible word formation processes and give arguments for and against each of them: (32) fan-bloody-tastic
(32) a) infixation: bloody is inserted into fantastic and changes the meaning but it is a free lexical morpheme, affixes are usually bound; b) circumfixation: fantastic is a split morpheme that acts only together, again not bound c) blend: two meanings are blended together, but the form is based on full morphemes. This is not the case in typical blends
400
What is a phraseologism? Explain with the help of an example.
A phraseologism consists of more than one word, it has fixed constituents, is a semantic unit, mostly not transparent in meaning from the individual elements; often also called idiom, fixed expression. It represents the syntagmatic level of the language.
400
Explain the opposition paradigmatic vs. syntagmatic.
The paradigmatic level covers whole sets of lexemes that have the same word class and can act at the same position in a sentence. They are of the same kind. The syntagmatic level is the combination of lexemes within sentence or longer stretch of language.
500
Analyse in detail the following words: Scotland once a year
free lexical+free lexical / portemanteau-morpheme (free lexical+bound lexical) /bound grammatical / free lexical
500
Name the word formation process of (21) enslave. Why is this example not typical for the respective process?
prefixation - this process usually does not change the word class, but {en-} (a french prefix) changes the wordclass from noun to verb.
500
Give a possible analysis of (34) biology and explain your decision.
biology is called a pseudo-compound consisting of combining forms Possible analysis: comparison with other lexemes shows that both bio- and -logy occur in other combinations. The structure is like in a compound (bio- modifies the head -logy), but the morphemes are not free.
500
Analyse in detail the first morphemes of impossible, irresistible, illegal and infrequent. Name the respective phenomenon and explain how it functions.
{im-}, {ir-}, {il-}, {in-} are allomorphs of the morpheme {IN}, expressing the negation of an adjective; they are phonetically conditioned by the first phoneme of the base: bilabial p > m; r > r; l > l; in other cases n
500
How do the vocal folds work and what is their role in articulation?
They sit in the larynx, can open and close the trachea. When they are open, a speaker can produce voiceless consonants or simply breathe, when they are tightly closed, voiced sounds can be produced. This is achieved via the airstream that is stopped by the vocal folds, then becomes strong enough to force the vocal folds apart, which then quickly close again. This is repeated many times and a vibration evolves that is passed on to the air, eventually producing voiced sounds.