The Three Stages
What four diseases were most characteristic of Stage 1 mortality?
Plague, cholera, smallpox, typhus
What was the Delayed Model driven by?
Transition driven by imported interventions rather than internal development
Definition of morbidity
The measurement of disease, injury and disability, and/or “any departure, subjective or objective, from a state of physiological or psychological wellbeing”
The three regions Caldwell analysed for their rapid decline in mortality rates, in spite of their poorer economies
Kerala, Sri Lanka, Costa Rica
What happens to death rates in Stage 2?
They rapidly decline
What problem did the Delayed Model cause in terms of population?
Population explosion- death rates fell but birth rates stayed high
What is the core argument of the Epidemiologic Transition Theory?
As societies develop, the dominant causes of death shift from infectious and parasitic diseases to chronic and degenerative diseases
Caldwell's research question
Whether a country’s economy determines reduction of mortality
Why does population growth accelerate specifically in Stage 2 rather than Stage 3?
Death rates fall rapidly but birth rates haven't yet declined, creating a gap that drives population growth
What does the existence of three different models suggest about Omran's original theory?
That the transition is not a universal or inevitable process; timing, cause, and trajectory vary significantly, undermining a single linear model
The reason why life expectancy is a "period measure"
LE is based on the trends at the time of the year examined (years a newborn is expected to live based on the mortality patterns at time of birth)
Three political and social characteristics shared by the three regions in Caldwell's discussion
Female autonomy, emphasis on education and egalitarian political environments
In Stage 1, why were death rates described as "cyclical"?
They spiked during epidemics then fell back, rather than declining steadily
What is the fundamental difference between the Classical Western and Accelerated models?
The Classical was driven by internal socioeconomic development over centuries; the Accelerated compressed this by rapidly adopting external technology
Why is Japan considered the Accelerated Model rather than a Delayed Model despite being non-Western?
Because Japan industrialised rapidly and internally adopted modern medicine rather than relying on imported foreign aid interventions
Three conditions that can lead to lowered mortality
Any three of the following:
- Sufficient female autonomy
- Improved access to health services
- Nutritional floor/nutrition programs everyone can access
- Egalitarian society
- Female schooling levels equalling male schooling levels
What is the "double burden of disease"?
When a country faces both infectious AND chronic diseases simultaneously
What structural problem does the Delayed Model create that the other two models avoided?
Death rates fall faster than birth rates can adjust, causing population explosion without the economic development to support it
Countries with longer life expectancy also have longer [blank] (hint: have morbidity rates also decreased with mortality rates?)
Non-healthy life expectancy
Highest: Females in primary school
Lowest: Income