Gendered Divisions of Labor
Filipina women often leave home to do this kind of work for families in other countries.
What is caregiving or mothering?
When moms work in other countries and raise their kids from far away, this kind of motherhood is happening.
What is transnational motherhood?
Mothers send these along with money to show their love, even from across the world.
What are letters, phone calls, or gifts?
When their moms go abroad to work, many Filipino children stay home with this family member.
Who is their father, grandparent, or relative?
**DAILY DOUBLE**
Immigrant Filipina domestic workers are often forced to mother from a distance due to this reason.
What are laws that deny entry to their spouses and children?
Even when moms send money home, they still worry about not being able to give this to their kids.
What is love, care, or attention?
**DAILY DOUBLE**
Filipino transnational mothers visit their home country to see their children in this time span.
What is every four years?
Even though moms send money, children often say they would rather have this.
What is time with their mom?
Children in the Philippines who are separated from their mothers are often taken care of by these women.
Who are women residing in the Philippines fulfilling the mothers household work?
Many Filipina women choose to become transnational mothers while knowing the emotional cost of separation from their children for this reason.
What is to provide financial stability for their families?
Parreñas notes that migrant women experience a “triple burden”: productive labor, reproductive labor, and this type of labor required to sustain family bonds from afar.
What is emotional labor?
Kids may not blame their moms for leaving, but they often feel this about their situation.
What is confusion, abandonment, or emotional pain?
Women from poorer countries often do care work in rich countries. This is called the global what?
What is the global care chain?
Why do transnational mothers choose to not bring their children?
What are low wages and little time to care for their children themselves?
Parreñas highlights this contradiction in how emotional labor is perceived in transnational families.
What is that while migrant mothers are praised for financially supporting their families, they are also criticized for being emotionally absent, placing them in an image where they are never “enough”?
Some children say that no matter how often their mom calls or visits, they still feel this lasting effect from growing up apart.
What is a permanent gap or broken bond with their mother?