Just the basics
This may be defined as the psychological processes that arouse and direct goal-directed behavior and is difficult to understand because you can't see it...it must be inferred from one's behavior
Motivation
David McClelland is a well-known psychologist who is responsible for the development of this needs theory.
Acquired Needs Theory
Paula's management professor just told her class that the final exam is optional for students who have an A. Paula decides to take the exam, even though she has an A, because she likes the subject and wants to master the material. Paula is motivated to take the exam by a(n)
Intrinsic Reward
Expectancy theory suggests people are motivated by these two things.
How much they want something and how likely they are to get it.
A supervisor told a salesperson who had not made any calls to clients and therefore did not make quota, "Well, if this continues in the next 30 days, you'll probably be let go." The supervisor provides an example of this.
punishment
The type of reward, such as money, a person receives from others for performing a particular task. It is external, which means the payoff comes from pleasing others.
Extrinsic
According to Maslow, the need for status, reputation, and recognition is part of a person's _____ needs.
Esteem
Sharon has excelled as an auditor for a large financial consulting firm. She loves building mutually beneficial relationships and is extremely well liked by her clients. If you ask McClelland, Sharon likely has this.
A high need for affiliation.
At his review last year, Bryan was promised a 20 percent raise if he met his production goals. Raises were included in today's paychecks, and although Bryan has met all of his goals, he received only a cost-of-living raise. In the future, Bryan's ______ will probably be low.
Expectancy.
It has been two years since any employee has received a bonus at Tech Outlet, and the possibility of getting one no longer seems to motivate employees. In this case, management has inadvertently applied this.
Extinction.
An internal reward, such as a feeling of accomplishment a person receives from performing the particular task itself.
Intrinsic Reward
An accounting firm reimburses employees for tuition and fees if they complete job-related coursework with a B or better. The accounting firm's tuition-reimbursement policy helps its employees meet their _______ needs.
Self-actualization
Even when he started his first job, Will was not content to be just one of the employees. His boss noticed that he often coached his coworkers about ways to improve their work, even when it wasn't his job. David McClelland would likely say that Will probably has a high need for this.
Power.
The HR manager told Jim that the company pays the total health insurance costs for a family of four. As a single man, this benefit did not seem especially important to him right now. Here, Jim is low on the ______ element of the expectancy theory.
Valence
Jim used to take his time at stop lights and look around and enjoy his day. However, he is really annoyed by drivers blowing their horns behind him when he doesn't move fast enough to suit them. Therefore, he has stopped looking around and now puts the pedal on the floor as soon as the light turns green. Jim's behavior has been modified by what type of reinforcement?
Negative
Abraham Maslow was one of the first researchers to study motivation and developed his theory, the hierarchy of needs, which proposes that people are motivated by five levels of need.
Name them
Safety
Love
Esteem
Self-Actualization
Jessica notices that her employees are dissatisfied, or that they dislike their jobs. Jessica's course of action is she makes sure that pay levels, policies, and working conditions are reasonable. She obviously understand Herzberg, who would say the above items are this.
Hygiene factors
Clint is a branch manager.. He has noticed low morale lately, perhaps because of the cramped quarters, stricter policies, and lack of raises this year. According to Herzberg, Clint should first concentrate on
Hygiene factors
This is the belief that a particular level of effort will lead to a particular level of performance. You are asking yourself, "Will I be able to perform at the desired level on a task?"
Instrumentality
I paid my taxes on time. If I didn't, I would have to pay a penalty. I am motivated by
Negative Reinforcement
These are defined as physiological or psychological deficiencies that arouse behavior. They can be strong or weak and can vary over time or from place to place.
Needs
According to the equity theory, this is what someone might do who perceives that he/she is not being treated fairly.
Reduce their own inputs, trying to change the outputs or rewards they receive, distorting the inequity, changing the comparison, leaving the situation.
Randy complained to his boss that he received the same bonus this quarter as everyone else, despite the longer hours he had worked and his higher level of experience, production, and efficiency. Randy's motivation level will likely drop in the future, according to this theory.
Equity Theory
After struggling with the accounting training, Peter is unsure whether he can complete the end-of-year financial reporting with no errors in the time allotted. In this case, Peter is low on the ______ element of expectancy theory.
Expectancy
I told my oldest daughter I would get her a cell phone if she made the A honor roll this 9 weeks. What type of reinforcement am I using to affect her behavior?
Positive