Content Theories
According to Maslow, what need is at the top of the western hierarchy?
Self Actualization
What process theory states that employees compare their effort and rewards to others to judge fairness?
equity theory
What generation prefers honest, frequent, and direct feedback?
Gen-Z
What does QWL stand for in international management?
quality of work life
According to McClelland’s Achievement Motivation Theory, people high in nAch prefer what type of tasks?
difficult tasks with clear feedback
In expectancy theory, what do we call the belief that performance will lead to reward?
instrumentality
What type of rewards include pay, bonuses, promotions?
Extrinsic rewards
In the U.S., employees report higher job satisfaction and are primarily motivated by this type of work, which includes challenge, purpose, and teamwork.
Meaningful work
According to Herzberg’s two factor theory, what happens when motivators are present vs absent
If the motivators are met there will be satisfaction and if they are not there there will be no satisfaction
Equity Theory states that employees compare their job inputs and outcomes against those of a person of importance to them. What is the term for the ratio they evaluate?
Outcome to input ratio
Define intrinsic rewards and give an example.
Definition: Intrinsic rewards include the personal feeling of accomplishment that employees have when completing work.
Where does the US vs Japan stand on the Work Centrailty scale?
(importance of work in an individual’s life relative to his or her other areas of interest)
Japan is high, US is moderate
What job content factors are related to lower level maslow needs?
hygiene/evniornmental
According to McClelland, what cultural context strengthens the need for achievement (nAch)?
individual cultures like the US, who reward personal success and entrepreneurship
What universal motivator increases motivation across all cultures and is equally effective in collectivist and individualist settings?
positive reinforcement or recognition
In collectivist cultures, why might employees accept inequity according to equity theory?
to maintain group harmony
According to the universalist assumption, what part of motivation is the same across cultures, and what part differs?
The process of motivation is universal, but the content (what people value) differs
According to goal-setting theory, what type of goals increase motivation the most?
Specific and challenging goals with feedback
Why might an individual award like “Employee of the Month” demotivate workers in some cultures?
in collectivist cultures, singling out one person can be embarrassing and disrupt group harmony
Explain the recent decrease in the number of hours worked annually by German workers and the increase for Americans.
A far wider range of wages within American companies than within German companies.