General Principles of Motivation
What is Motivation?
a. The feeling of pleasure.
b. Reward effects that promote learning.
c. Factors that cause individuals to behave in particular ways at particular times.
d. The desire to obtain a reward.
c. Factors that cause individuals to behave in particular ways at particular times.
What is the difference between liking and wanting?
a. Liking is the desire for a reward and wanting is the feeling of pleasure that comes with a reward.
b. Liking is the feeling of pleasure that comes with a reward and wanting is the reward effects that promote learning.
c. Liking is the reward effects that promote learning and wanting is the desire for a reward.
d. Liking is the feeling of pleasure that comes with a reward and wanting is the desire for a reward.
d. Liking is the feeling of pleasure that comes with a reward and wanting is the desire for a reward.
What mechanism keeps us from overeating and becoming obese? (100pts)
a. hunger mechanisms
b. Emotional mechanisms
c. satiety mechanisms
d. physical mechanisms
c. satiety mechanisms
Sleep Drive refers to _______ one has to sleep.
a. average time
b. motivation
c. symptoms that indicate
b. motivation
____ is a subjective feeling that is mentally directed toward some object.
a. Affect
b. Emotion
c. Mood
b. emotion
True or False: Non-regulatory drives help preserve homeostasis and are necessary for survival.
False
Dopamine release is to ___ as endorphin release is to ___.
a. Wanting; liking
b. Wanting; reinforcement
c. Reinforcement; liking
d. Liking; wanting
a. Wanting; liking
True or false: Natural selection provides us with the ability to search for food, eat it when we need it, and enjoy the food that we are eating.
True
What kind of emotions do most dreams involve?
a. negative
b. positive
c. neutral
a. negative
True or False: The amygdala is the major processing center for emotions.
True
Thinking back to the hub of the central drive system, what was the last step…Fill in the blank. Through its connections to the _____________, it controls the release of many hormones.
a. Hypothalamus
b. Pituitary gland
c. brain stem
d. Hippocampus
b. Pituitary gland
How does dopamine release play a part in reinforcement for learning?
a. When a reward is expected, immediate dopamine release reinforces the association of the reward and stimulus that preceded it.
b. When a reward is unexpected, immediate dopamine release reinforces the association of the reward and stimulus that preceded it.
c. When a reward is unexpected, delayed dopamine release reinforces the association of the reward and stimulus that preceded it.
d. Dopamine does not play a part in reinforcement for learning.
b. When a reward is unexpected, immediate dopamine release reinforces the association of the reward and stimulus that preceded it.
Where can the arcuate nucleus that is responsible for regulating hunger be found? (300 pts)
a. Frontal lobe
b. Hippocampus
c. parietal lobe
d. Hypothalamus
d. Hypothalamus
What stage of sleep is this describing: A brief transitional stage from awake to falling asleep?
a. stage 1
b. stages 2 & 3
c. stage 4
d. REM
a. stage 1
Name six of the eight primary emotions proposed by Robert Plutchik.
joy,
sorrow,
anger,
fear,
acceptance,
disgust,
surprise,
expectancy
What is the hub of many central drive systems?
The hypothalamus
What is the correct pathway of reward effects and behavioral effects of rewards in the brain?
a. Cell body: nucleus accumbens -> synaptic terminal: medial forebrain bundle.
b. Cell body: limbic system -> synaptic terminal: nucleus accumbens
c. Cell body: medial forebrain bundle -> synaptic terminal: nucleus accumbens
d. Cell body: medial forebrain bundle -> synaptic terminal: limbic system
c. Cell body: medial forebrain bundle -> synaptic terminal: nucleus accumbens
There are two hormones associated with hunger: ____ increases your appetite while ____ decreases your appetite.
a. Leptin; ghrelin
b. Ghrelin; leptin
c. Both have the same job
d. Neither are hormones associated with hunger
b. Ghrelin; leptin
What parts of the brain are responsible for mental activity and emotional excitement (Pick two):
a. Hypothalamus
b. thalamus
c. cerebral cortex
d. occipital lobe
b. & c.
the thalamus; cerebral cortex
Who developed the first scientific theory of emotions? What was the theory?
a. James
b. Schachter
c. Darwin
c. Darwin