Introduction
This form of therapy strives to resolve the ambivalence an individual is experiencing about making a change in their life.
Motivational Interviewing
This hypothesis suggests people are attracted to mates with traits that signal health and genetic quality, such as symmetry or strength.
Good Gene Hypothesis
Impaired control, social impairment, risky use, pharmaological criteria.
Unlike homeostasis, which maintains stability around a fixed set point, this process describes how the body actively changes its physiological or behavioral responses to achieve stability in the face of repeated stress or challenges.
Allostatic
In decision-making research, this term describes the usefulness a person expects to gain from a particular choice or outcome
Utility
These three factors tend to define attractiveness in their species.
Symmetry, sexual dimorphism, and averageness
This factor tends to be higher at the onset of addiction or dependent behaviors, and lower as the behavior becomes more addictive.
Liking
This phase of eating is triggered by the sight, smell, or thought of food, initiating physiological responses—like salivation and insulin release—before any food is actually ingested.
Cephalic Phase
This theory suggests that motivation arises from the desire to reduce internal states of tension caused by unmet biological needs, such as hunger or thirst.
Drive Reduction Theory
When sexual reproduction is not the goal, this theory suggests that homosexual individuals may contribute to the survival and reproductive success of their relatives, indirectly passing on shared genetic material.
Kin Selection Hypothesis
This social program aimed to be a social control of substance use; however, recent data have suggested it served as a social trigger.
D.A.R.E.
Often used in marketing and advertising, this effect explains why repeated exposure to a stimulus—like a logo, song, or face—can increase liking, even if the individual has no conscious memory of seeing it before.
Mere Exposure Effect
Many scholars distinguish between lower/ basic motives and higher motives. This type of motive describes more complex, learned, or growth-oriented drives that are not directly tied to biological survival.
Higher Motives
This type of gene–environment correlation occurs when biological parents provide both their children’s genetic makeup and an environment that matches those inherited traits—for example, athletic parents passing on athletic ability while also encouraging sports.
Passive Gene Environment Correlation (rGE)
This model suggests that drug use is maintained not only by the pursuit of positive feelings but also by the avoidance of negative emotional states, highlighting the role of affect in reinforcement.
Affective Model of Reinforcement
This hormone, released in the small intestine and brain, helps signal satiety and can reduce food intake by activating receptors in the gut and central nervous system.
CKK
Defined as the psychological re-enactment of an actual end-state experience that motivates the individual toward a behavior, this concept explains how imagining success can drive action.
Simulation
This theory proposes that humans and primates evolved specialized perceptual mechanisms to quickly recognize this type of animal, due to the survival threat it posed throughout evolutionary history.
Snake Detection Theory
According to this theory, the initial positive effects of drug use are followed by opposing negative effects, and over time, the negative state grows stronger—driving continued use to avoid withdrawal rather than to gain pleasure.
Opponent Processing Theory
In the study of eating behavior, this concept refers to the range within which physiological hunger signals do not strongly drive eating, meaning that environmental and learned factors play a larger role in food intake.
Zone of Biological Indifference