Motivation & Drives
Playing a sport solely because you love the game is an example of ________ motivation, whereas playing primarily to win a scholarship is ________ motivation.
A) Extrinsic; intrinsic
B) Intrinsic; extrinsic
C) Drive-reduction; incentive
D) Primary; secondary
B) Intrinsic; extrinsic
According to McClelland's theory, a student who strongly desires to succeed, attain excellence, and master challenging tasks is demonstrating a high need for:
A) Power (nPow)
B) Achievement (nAch)
C) Affiliation (nAff)
D) Approval (nApp)
B) Achievement (nAch)
In animal studies, a rat with damage to its ________ hypothalamus will likely overeat and become obese, while damage to the ________ hypothalamus will cause it to stop eating entirely and starve.
A) Lateral; ventromedial
B) Ventromedial; lateral
C) Anterior; posterior
D) Sympathetic; parasympathetic
B) Ventromedial; lateral
The negative stress resulting from an unpleasant stressor is called ________, whereas the optimal amount of stress that helps a person function and achieve a goal is ________.
A) Distress; eustress
B) Eustress; distress
C) Frustration; pressure
D) Catastrophe; hassle
A) Distress; eustress
An individual who is highly competitive, chronically ambitious, constantly in a rush, and easily prone to hostility or anger is characterized as having a ________ personality.
A) Type A
B) Type B
C) Type C
D) Hardy
A) Type A
According to drive-reduction theory, the body seeks to maintain a state of physiological balance or equilibrium. This state is called:
A) Homeostasis
B) Self-actualization
C) Eustress
D) Optimal arousal
A) Homeostasis
In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the fundamental requirements for food, water, and sleep must be met before a person can seek safety or belonging. These base requirements are known as:
A) Physiological needs
B) Aesthetic needs
C) Cognitive needs
D) Self-actualization needs
A) Physiological needs
"I am trembling, therefore I am afraid." This sequence—where physical arousal occurs first and the emotion is felt because of the physiological reaction—best illustrates the ________ theory of emotion.
A) Cannon-Bard
B) Schachter-Singer
C) James-Lange
D) Cognitive-mediational
C) James-Lange
Losing your keys, dealing with a rude customer, or getting stuck in traffic are everyday, minor sources of stress known as ________, while an unpredictable, large-scale event like a hurricane is a ________.
A) Pressures; conflict
B) Hassles; catastrophe
C) Distressors; eustressors
D) Frustrations; environmental pressure
B) Hassles; catastrophe
Dealing directly with a stressor to eliminate it, like hiring a tutor when failing a class, is ________. Distancing yourself from the stressor to feel better, like watching a movie instead of studying, is ________.
A) Emotion-focused coping; problem-focused coping
B) Problem-focused coping; emotion-focused coping
C) Meditation; acculturation
D) Extrinsic coping; intrinsic coping
B) Problem-focused coping; emotion-focused coping
Early psychologist William McDougall proposed that human behavior is primarily driven by innate, biologically determined, and unlearned patterns of behavior known as:
A) Drives
B) Motives
C) Instincts
D) Incentives
C) Instincts
According to Abraham Maslow, the point at which a person has sufficiently satisfied their lower needs and achieved their full human potential is called:
A) Transcendence
B) Self-determination
C) Self-actualization
D) Intrinsic motivation
C) Self-actualization
The ________ theory of emotion suggests that physical arousal and a cognitive label of that arousal must occur simultaneously before an emotion is fully experienced.
A) Schachter-Singer (Two-Factor)
B) Cannon-Bard
C) James-Lange
D) Facial feedback
A) Schachter-Singer (Two-Factor)
Having to choose between two equally unappealing options, such as doing hours of chores or writing a long essay, is an example of a(n) ________ conflict.
A) Approach-approach
B) Approach-avoidance
C) Avoidance-avoidance
D) Multiple approach-avoidance
C) Avoidance-avoidance
A person with a "hardy" personality thrives on stress, sees problems as challenges, has a deep sense of commitment, and differs from a Type A person primarily because they lack:
A) Ambition
B) A drive to succeed
C) Hostility and anger
D) Extroversion
C) Hostility and anger
The ________ approach to motivation suggests that behavior is explained not by internal needs, but by external stimuli and their rewarding properties pulling us to act.
A) Drive-reduction
B) Instinct
C) Incentive
D) Cognitive-mediational
C) Incentive
Carol Dweck suggests that a person who believes intelligence is fixed and cannot be changed tends to give up easily after failure. This reflects a(n) ________ locus of control and a ________ mindset.
A) Internal; growth
B) External; fixed
C) Internal; fixed
D) External; growth
B) External; fixed
An actor forces themselves to smile repeatedly before going on stage, which subsequently makes them feel a genuine sense of happiness. This is an example of the:
A) Facial feedback hypothesis
B) Display rules
C) Cannon-Bard theory
D) Emotion-focused coping
A) Facial feedback hypothesis
When a person is prevented from achieving a desired goal or fulfilling a need, they experience ________. However, when there are urgent demands or expectations from an outside source (like a looming deadline), they experience ________.
A) Conflict; pressure
B) Frustration; pressure
C) Pressure; frustration
D) Distress; eustress
B) Frustration; pressure
The stress experienced when adapting to the demands of a new, dominant culture—such as learning a new language, adjusting to new customs, and facing potential prejudice—is known as:
A) Hassle stress
B) Acculturative stress
C) Socioeconomic stress
D) Avoidance-avoidance conflict
B) Acculturative stress
A person who requires a high level of sensory stimulation and seeks out activities like skydiving to feel satisfied is best explained by the concept of:
A) Drive-reduction theory
B) The need for affiliation (nAff)
C) The need for power (nPow)
D) Optimum arousal
D) Optimum arousal
A manager who primarily seeks to influence others, control their environment, and have their ideas used by the team likely has a high need for ________, according to McClelland.
A) Affiliation
B) Achievement
C) Power
D) Emotion-focused coping
C) Power
Richard Lazarus’s ________ theory states that a stimulus must be appraised or interpreted by a person in order to result in a physical response and an emotional reaction.
A) Cognitive-mediational
B) Two-factor
C) Drive-reduction
D) Activation-synthesis
A) Cognitive-mediational
The specialized field of study that focuses on the effects of psychological factors, such as stress, emotions, and thoughts, on the physical immune system is called:
A) Psychopathology
B) Health psychology
C) Psychoneuroimmunology
D) Behavioral neuroscience
C) Psychoneuroimmunology
A person who tends to internalize their anger, avoid conflict, and struggle to express negative emotions is known as a ________ personality. Conversely, living in an environment with chronic lack of financial resources and overcrowded living conditions results in the stress of ________.
A) Type C; poverty
B) Type B; distress
C) Hardy; daily hassles
D) Type A; acculturation
A) Type C; poverty