1
three influences on motor skill performance?
person, performance environment, and the skill
response time =
RT = reaction time + movement time
- define how to execute the program.
- change from situation to situation
- change from one trial to another
parameters
the idea that one does not need a motor program for each skill. represents elements about patterns of movements (class of actions) that can be modified to yield various response outcomes. proposed by schmidt
Generalize motor program
a set of rules that guides decision making about the goal of the skill
Schema
serial (sequential)
- signed deviation from target (+/-); amount and direction.
- tendency to over or undershoot goal
constant error in one dimensional error measures
1st reflexes, then voluntary actions
Piaget's Stages
assess and compare the outcome using sensory information. - it revises the system
recognition schema
alternate periods or equilibrium and disequilibrium
Cognitive: Piaget
Gentile's Multidimensional Classification System is 16 skill categories classifying motor skills based on 2 general characteristics:
Bonus: what's the trend on the model?
environment context and function of the action
Bonus: gets tougher as you go down and to the right
if the motor program contains all the information needed to carry out the action the movement operates under
open loop control
- Learning is contingent on reinforcement from the environment.
- Individual has a role in own-development - not a passive participant responding only when stimulated (Neural-Maturationist)
cognitive theories
represent the coordination pattern which is the most stable and energy efficient
attractor states in DST concepts
- has a command-based center
- solves the degree of freedom problem through the motor program
Motor Program based theory
what phase of Gentile's model is this in rehab: in motion, no intertrial
phase 3
this theory:
- relies on reflexes
- hierarchial assumption
- environment has no bearing on movement
Neural Maturationist Theories
responsible for and associated with coordination of the movement
order parameters and control parameters
- individual has a role in own development
Behavioral in cognitive theories
what comes before movement control
stable posture
is this body stability or body transport? between those two categories is their object manipulation or no object manipulation? environmental context?
Example: sprinting to top of escalator moving opposite direction
body transport category with no object manipulation. environmental context is in-motion with no intertrial
characterized by periods of relative stability and instability and sensitive periods in which development is especially responsive to environmental influence and therapeutic interventions.
spiraling development
consists of:
pre structured set of motor commands that are constructed at the highest cortical levels and then conveyed to the lowest centers in the hierarchy responsible for executing the movement
the motor program theory
- instructions are influenced by environment and interaction of the body, limb, and nervous system
- nonlinear changes in movement in behavior
dynamic systems theory
- instruction are specified by the CNS
- control process is managed by a motor program
- motor program organizes, initiates, and carries out intended actions
- linear changes in movement behavior
Motor Program Theory