Classification of motor skills
Define open and closed skills
Closed skills
•Where the performer has the greatest control over their performance environment (weather, playing surface, opponent) and usually require repetition of a successful movement pattern
Open skills
•Where the performer is required to have flexibility and adaptation in the execution of a skill under a constantly changing environment or time pressure
What are the three phases of learning?
Cognitive, associative and autonomous
What are the four elements of a training session?
1. warm up
2. conditioning
3. culmination
4. cool down
What are two tools coaches can use to analyse performance?
Video and checklists
What are the two types of balance?
1. static
2. dynamic
Define simple and complex skills and provide an example of each
Simple skills:
⎯Quickly learned, often by imitation of the demonstration
⎯e.g. hitting a baseball off a tee
Complex skills:
⎯Require a longer learning and practice time
⎯e.g. hitting a baseball that has been thrown by a pitcher
Define the cognitive stage of learning
The initial phase in the learning of a motor skill where the emphasis is on conscious understanding of the task requirements.
Describe two things that is happening to the body during the warm up stage
Physiologically, it is used to;
•Increase heart rate and dilation of blood vessels
•Increase blood flow to the working muscles
•Increase respiratory rate allowing for increased oxygen to be delivered to the working muscles
•Increase core and muscle temperature
Psychologically, it is used to;
•Increase arousal levels ready for the conditioning phase
•Increase concentration and mentally prepare the athlete for the upcoming work period
What is one benefit to using video analyse?
Athletes can view their performance during training and make corrections immediately
Provide an example of static and dynamic balance
Static:
⎯Completing a handstand
⎯Swimmer/runner on the blocks at the start of a race
⎯Pyramid in cheer leading
Dynamic:
⎯Catching a wave whilst surfing
⎯Riding a skateboard
⎯Kicking a ball in soccer
⎯Player continuing to move after being hit in a tackle by an opposing player
What are the three types of continuity skills and provide an example of each
Discrete skills - golf drive, shot at goal, dive from a platform
Serial skills - floor routine in gymnastics where they join a number of discrete skills to make up the routine
Continuous skills - Cycling, jogging,
Identify the type of performer at each stage
Cognitive - novice
Associative - intermediate
Autonomous - expert
Describe the three stages of a warm up.
General phase consisting of low intensity physical activity designed to slowly increase the heart rate and blood flow to the muscles
Dynamic phase consisting of dynamic movements and stretching designed to allow the muscles and joints to be moved through the range of motion expected during the conditioning phase
Activity phase consisting of higher intensity movements and sport specific skills, designed to mimic the demands of the conditioning phase
Describe a checklist and the steps to follow when using one
•A checklist is a record of performance in relation to predetermined criteria – it is a form of written feedback
•Checklists can be used to determine the technical and tactical ability of performers by using the following process;
1.A checklist is made up identifying the key criteria for successful performance.
2.The athlete performs the skill and information about the performance is recorded by an observer onto the checklist.
3.Player and coach use the information gathered from the checklist to identify areas of strength and weakness which then allows them to plan for improvement
Describe the centre of gravity
The theoretical point in an object, located either inside or outside of the body, where all of the body’s mass is equally distributed.
Standing still – centre of gravity is located in the abdominal cavity, about 6 inches above the pubis symphysis
As your position changes – so does your centre of gravity
The position of the centre of gravity will determine whether the body is in balance
What are the four classifications of motor skills?
Muscular movement
Continuity
Difficulty
Describe the associative and autonomous stages
Associative: The second phase in the learning of a new skill in which movement patterns become more refined and consistent through practice.
Autonomous stage: The final phase in the learning of a new skill in which the control of movement appears to be almost automatic and free of the need for constant attention.
In the conditioning phase, explain the importance of skill development.
•Main aim is to practice the skills, tactics and game plans specific to the sport and the phase of the season.
•This can either take place at the start of the session (when players feel fresh and alert – usually used when learning new skills and require greater player focus) or after the fitness component (when players feel fatigued and coaches want them to execute as they would during a game).
What are three reasons we use video and checklists for?
Video and checklists can be used to provide feedback about;
•The skill and technique of a player
•Whether errors made are due to psychological or skill factors
•How to correct errors
Explain the line of gravity
•The Line of Gravity is an imaginary vertical line passing downwards through the centre of gravity to the ground or surface the person is on.
–The closer the line of gravity is to the limits of the base of support, the less the degree of stability of the object
–Movement is easier when the line of gravity falls outside the object’s base of support
Explain two characteristics of an open skill and a closed skill
Closed skills:
Take place in a stable, predictable environment which is self-paced
•The skill is a pre–learned, rehearsed movement pattern, that the performer tries to reproduce the same way every time
•The environment has little influence on the performer
Open Skills
•Involve performing in an environment where critical information is constantly changing, and the production of the skill must adapt to these changes
•Performers use experience, perceptual skills and knowledge to analyse a given situation during the performance before adapting a suitable skill in response
•Decision making is made during the performance
•Games such as rugby, soccer, netball are open skills as the performer must take into account the movement of team mates and opposition when performing a skill
Identify an error from each of the phases and the feedback you can apply
Cognitive: •Athlete has little capacity to detect or correct their own errors
feedback: •Extrinsic augmented •Simplistic and frequent feedback required
Associative: •Athlete begins to detect and correct their own errors
Feedback: •Combination of extrinsic augmented and intrinsic •More specific feedback required
Autonomous: •Athlete can detect their own errors and make adjustments accordingly
Feedback: •Mainly Intrinsic as athlete can self correct •Very specific feedback when provided by extrinsic source
Explain the culmination phase and provide an example used in volleyball
•Designed to apply the skills learned/reinforced during the conditioning phase
•Typically takes place in a modified game situation where the skill is often emphasised through the scoring system or manipulation of rules
•E.g. in teaching the volleyball spike, a coach might
1.Award bonus points for a successful spike
2.Allow players to catch the first ball hit over the net to increase the likelihood of a successful spike being utilised
Describe three things coaches can say or do to improve performance of athletes.
•Coaches should try and recognise more positives than negatives to encourage and motivate the performer while at the same time recognising there are areas for potential improvement.
•Coaches should use the “feedback sandwich” – positive feedback, negative feedback, positive feedback.
•Coach develops specific training drills to address areas of deficiency
•Checklists and video analysis can be kept and be reflected back on to determine if there is change in performance over time.
Explain the base of support
•Area bound by the outermost regions of contact between a body and support surface.
•It refers to the area beneath an object or person that includes every point of contact that the object or person makes with the supporting surface.
⎯These points of contact may be body parts e.g. feet or even the chair a person is sitting in.