Motor Skills
Difference between motor skills and motor reflexes?
Motor skills = voluntary/deliberate with a goal or purpose (can be trained)
Motor reflexes = involuntary with no goal (cannot be trained)
The older, more 'traditional', hierarchical, approach to motor learning which treats the brain like a computer that controls the body.
The Cognitive Systems Approach.
Name any 3 different types of practice.
Massed
Distributed
Whole
Part
Blocked
Serial
Random
Constant
Varied
Specificity
Variability
What are the two categories of feedback?
Internal (Intrinsic)
External (Extrinsic)
A player understanding the correct body shape required to receive a pass in soccer is an example of which body and movement concept?
Body Awareness
Difference between an Open and a Closed skill?
Open skills are affected by the environment. Closed skills are not.
The newer, 'less traditional' approach to motor learning which suggests that individuals produce movement sequences based on their environment and constraints.
The Dynamic Systems Approach.
Explain 'massed' practice.
When a skill is practiced continuously with no rest periods.
The two main types of extrinsic (external) feedback?
- Knowledge of Performance
- Knowledge of Results
Body and movement concepts provide a framework for understanding and improving these two things...
- specialised movement sequences
- movement strategies
Difference between a Fine and a Gross skill?
Fine motor skills are very precise and use small muscle groups. Gross motor skills are less precise and use larger muscle groups.
The 3 types of constraints in the Dynamic Systems Approach.
Task constraints.
Environmental constraints.
Individual constraints.
What is the difference between 'whole' and 'part' practice?
Whole practice is when a skill is practiced in its entirety. Part practice is when a skill is broken down into its component subroutines and one or more of these are practiced in isolation.
Name three types of intrinsic (internal) feedback.
- visual (what you see)
- touch (what you feel)
- auditory (what you hear)
- proprioceptive (what you sense in your body's position or movement)
- speed
- time
- accuracy
- level of effort
- amount of force
- fluency
- flow
- outcome
Difference between Discrete, Continuous, and Serial motor skills?
Discrete motor skills have a clear beginning and end. Continuous motor skills have no clear start or finish. Serial motor skills consist of a group of discrete skills linked together.
A key concept in the Dynamic Systems Approach which refers to the 'automatic' adjustments a learner's body is constantly making in response to constraints.
Self-organisation.
What is one advantage that varied practice may provide over constant practice?
Varied practice better replicates competitive conditions more accurately (e.g. more game-like).
Which type of extrinsic feedback would learners in the cognitive stage find easiest to use?
Knowledge of Results.
Name the four body and movement concepts.
- body awareness
- space awareness
- quality of movement
- relationships
Name the 5 characteristics of motor skill learning (SPICA).
Stability
Persistence
Improvement
Consistency
Adaptability
The name for a constraint that has a negative effect on the learning process or performance. These can be physical, physiological, psychological, perceptual, tactical, or technical.
Rate Limiters.
Why is distributed practice more effective than massed practice in terms of improving performance?
1. It allows opportunities for feedback.
2. The learner becomes less tired (more rest).
Which type of feedback is used by coaches to reinforce technical 'cues'?
Knowledge of Performance.
Name the three 'planes of movement' which space awareness takes into account.
- sagittal plane
- frontal plane
- horizontal (or transverse) plane