Motor Speech

Lesion Location

100

What type of dysarthria can arise from damage to the basil ganglia? 

Hyperkinetic (DI)- Huntingtons and Dystonia

Hypokinetic (DD,II)- short rushes is most prominent

200

What dysarthria will occur with damage to the cerebellum?

Ataxia= uncoordinated jaw, face, and tongue movements. Head tremor and uncoordinated AMRs 

Speech is slurred, prolonged, irregular artic breakdowns, distorted vowels, excess and equal stress

300

What two dysarthria arise from a CVA/TBI?

spastic (slow rate, short phrases, strained, low pitch) 

Unilateral UMN 

400

Etiologies of Apraxia

CVA, aphasia, anoxia, TBI, tumors

500

Name three Flacid Dysarthria etiologies and most prominent features. 

ALS, CVA, Bell's, LMN Syndrome

hypernasality, nasal emission, audible inspiration, and short phrases

Apraxia of Speech

100

Describe the differences between apraxia and aphasia.

with apraxia prosody is affected, errors are close to the target, there is some groping, writing in unimpaired, and the most common error is perseveration. 

with aphasia prosody is normal, errors are not close to the target, no groping, writing matches speech, and most common error is anticipation and transpositions

200

Characteristics necessary for diagnosis of Apraxia

slow rate, sound errors and distortions, prosody abnormalities, somewhat consistent errors (that increase with complexity)

300

What is the most common etiology of apraxia?

Anoxia

400

Apraxia of speech is difficulty in which system? 

(planning, programming, and execution) 

Motor planning- they have difficulties initiating speech sounds

500

How does apraxia differ from dysarthria?

Apraxia has no weakness or paralysis, inconsistent errors, and articulation impairments

Dysarthria has weakness, consistent errors, and multiple speech subsystems are affected.

Pathways

100

UMN direct activation pathway

facilitatory role in motor control (damage leads to underactivity; i.e., weakness and loss of skilled movements); corticobulbar tract synapses on cranial nerves; corticospinal tract synapses on spinal nerves

200

Describe the final common pathway.

1. UMN tells LMN to contract

2. Alpha=extrafusal

3. Gamma= intrafusal 

4. Muscle spindles sense contraction and signals are sent back to afferent

5. Steps 1-3 occur continuously until the muscle is fully contracted

300

Damage to the cranial nerves arises what type of damage? 

UMN

400

Indirect activation pathway

inhibitory role in motor control (damage leads to overactivity; i.e., hypertonia, hyperreflexia, spasticity); “indirect” in that it has multiple synapses between the cortex and brainstem/spinal cord including the basal ganglia and cerebellum

500

LMN Syndrome occurs when there is what kind of damage?

Weakness to paresis, flaccid paralysis, fibrillations, fasciculation, atrophy, speech is overall week

Pediatrics and other Syndromes

100

What syndrome would an individual with facial paralysis have?

Moebius Syndrome

200

Describe the speech characteristics of a person with Down Syndrome.

imprecise articulation, articulatory errors, low pitch, hyper nasal, increased speech rhythm and rate vibrations

300

In which childhood dysarthria do they posses childhood breathing patterns that are irregular and rapid?

Dyskinetic like

400

In which childhood dysarthria do they demonstrate consistently hyper nasality and nasal emissions?

Spastic like

500

In which childhood dysarthria would resonance be typically WNL

Ataxic like

Cranial Nerves

100

Which two cranial nerves are motor only?

Spinal Accessory and Hypoglossal

200

What cranial nerve is responsible for the larynx, pharynx, soft palate 

Vagus Nerve

300

What is cranial nerve VII and what is it responsible for? 

Facial, facial expression (M) and anterior 2/3 tongue (S)

400

Lesion to this cranial nerve would result in inability to turn head contra laterally

Spinal Accessory

500

Unilateral and Bilateral damage to the jaw results in..

Unilateral- minimal errors

Bilateral- difficulty with accurate manner/place