Underpinnings and Classification of Motor Organization
What is the highest level within the hierarchy of motor organization? What is the lowest level?
Highest: Cortical level
Lowest: Lower motor neuron level
What is flaccid dysarthria?
Speech dysarthria resulting from damage to a spinal or cranial nerve (i.e. dendrite, nuclei, axon, or neuromuscular junction)
Name the five types of spinal nerves.
• Cervical nerves
• Thoracic nerves
• Lumbar nerves
• Sacral nerves
• Coccygeal nerves
Name two potential etiologies for bulbar palsy.
Infection (i.e. meningitis)
Tumor - neuromas (benign tumor of nerve tissue)
What is Bell's Palsy?
Facial paralysis due to dysfunction of CN VII
T/F: Many patients who suffer from
stroke or tumor do not fit into
the textbook definitions of
dysarthria.
True!
Damage to __________ nerves is unilateral and impairs individual muscles, but _____ _____ ______ polyneuropathies can be bilateral and affect more than one nerce (such as in Guillain-Barré)
peripheral, lower motor neuron
What are the three types of glial cells?
Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells
Name three elements of hypotonia.
- Flaccidity
- Changes in symmetry
- Muscle atrophy
T/F: Bell's Palsy can be unilateral or bilateral.
True!
Name one reason to study the physiological underpinnings of motor speech.
- It links physiology to symptoms
- Provides a basis for a differential diagnosis of the speech pathology diagnosis
- Contributes to development of hypotheses
All efferent motor nerve impulses travel along
the _____ ______ _______ to the muscles.
final common pathway
Name the five components of the functional motor unit.
- Cell body
- Axon
- Dendrite
- Myoneural junction
- Muscle fibers innervated by that cell body
Name three global changes that are a result of flaccid dysarthria.
- Lack of steadiness
- Reduced reflexes
- Reduced strength
What is spontaneous recovery (regarding Bell's Palsy)?
Seventy-five percent of individuals with Bell's Palsy experience complete recovery within 2-3 weeks!
The DAB traditional classification system provides insight into the _____________ of the patient's speech.
functionality
T/F: Lower motor neuron problems affect both voluntary, reflexive, and autonomic movement.
True! LMN problems affect all forms of movement.
What is the synaptic cleft? What happens when a synapse fires?
Synaptic cleft: The space between an axon or a muscle fiber or dendrite
When a synapse fires, all of the muscles connected to that motor unit contract.
Myasthenia gravis
Moebius syndrome
Myotonic muscular dystrophy
When assessing CN VII, what are some characteristics of malfunctioning lips?
Weak pursing, rounding, and retraction
Weak labial seal
I LOVE U
<3
Give one example each for voluntary movement, reflexive movement, and autonomic movement.
Voluntary: Speech
Reflexive: Pain reflex, stretch reflex
Autonomic: Heartbeat
How many pairs of each spinal nerve are there?
• Cervical nerves – 8 pairs
• Thoracic nerves –12 pairs
• Lumbar nerves – 5 pairs
• Sacral nerves – 5 pairs
• Coccygeal nerves – 1 pair
List three things someone with Bell's Palsy may be unable to do.
Smile, whistle, wrinkle forehead
Usually Bell's Palsy is first noticed when a person sees it in a mirror, or:
When eating because food tends to collect between the cheek and gums