Skill Definition
What is a goal directed skill?
focused on reaching or completing a specific task to achieve a planned outcome.
Gross vs Fine Skill
Gross: Large muscles and movements: Power/ strength
Fine: Small muscles and movements: Speed/Accuracy
What are the three Stages?
Cognitive, Associative, and Autonomous
What is an SR bond?
The relationship between the stimulus and the action it initiates
What are Throndike's 3 laws?
Law of Effect, Exercise, and Readiness
What is a efficient skill?
the ability to complete a skill with maximum rate of accuracy within time specified.
Closed vs Open
Closed: Stable, not affected by the environment
Open: Unstable, Affected by the environment
What is the cognitive phase?
The beginning phase for someone trying to learn a new skill or movement
What is the SR bond compatibility
The degree to which the action initiated looks natural and smooth
What are the three types of consequences and explain them?
Positive - strengthens the stimulus, encourage and motivate
Negative - removal of the stimulus
Punishment - an aversive Stimulus
What is a learned skill?
A skill that is learned through repetition and pratice
Internally vs Externally paced
Internally: Performed initiates the movement and controls the pace
Externally: Affected by the environment and reaction to the stimulus
What is the Associative Phase?
The practice phase where the learner compares themselves to top level performers.
What is operant conditioning
Training the response to a given stimulus
Open vs Closed Loop Control
Open: Pre-learned mastered movements
Closed: Movements that are adjusted through feedback
What is a followed technical model skill?
the abilities and knowledge needed to perform specific tasks
Simple VS Complex
Simple: little information, time for evaluation, no feedback
Complex: more information, no time for evaluation, feedback needed
What is the autonomous Phase?
The learner has almost perfected the skill or movement and it is becoming automatic
What are Gestalt Theorists?
people who believe skills are best presented as a whole movement instead of parts
Schema Theories
Schema theory - movements are stored as relationships not separate items
Recall Schema - Knowledge of initial conditions
Recognition Schema - Knowledge of sensory consequences
What is a fluent skill?
A skill that can be done with thinking or hesitation
Low Organisation vs High Organisation
Low: Sub Movements are easily identified and isolated
High: Sub movements can't be separated from the whole movements
What are the 4 stages of observational learning?
Attention, Retention, Motor reproduction, and motivation
Connectionist vs cognitive
Connectionist: Skills are best in parts
Cognitive (Gestalt): Skills are best as a whole
What are three graphs for theories?
Drive Theory- High arousal = high performance
Inverted U theory - Peak performance at mid point
Catastrophe Theory - significant drop at peak performance