Public Health Organizations
This international organization leads global efforts to control infectious diseases and sets health guidelines for all member countries.
What is the World Health Organization (WHO)? W
This central authority is responsible for regulation, standards, and strategic planning of public health in Kazakhstan.
What is the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan?
This term refers to the total number of existing cases of a disease at a given time.
This measure of spread describes the average squared difference between each data point and the mean.
What is the variance?
This Scottish scientist discovered penicillin in 1928, revolutionizing the treatment of bacterial infections.
Who is Alexander Fleming?
This organization works to improve the health and well-being of children and mothers worldwide.
What is UNICEF?
This event stressed Kazakhstan’s healthcare system and highlighted the importance of epidemic preparedness.
What is the COVID-19 pandemic?
When the occurrence of a disease exceeds the normal rate.
What is an epidemic?
In hypothesis testing, this value indicates the probability of observing the data if the null hypothesis is true.
What is the p-value?
This French chemist and microbiologist developed vaccines for rabies and anthrax and pioneered the process of pasteurization.
Who is Louis Pasteur?
This WHO initiative coordinates global vaccination campaigns and tracks immunization coverage.
What is Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance?
Kazakhstan launched this policy to provide universal health coverage (UHC) to all citizens.
What is the Mandatory Social Health Insurance (MSHI) - ОСМС
In an observational study, a third variable is associated with both the exposure and the outcome but is not on the causal pathway.
What is a confounder?
This measure quantifies the strength and direction of a linear relationship between two continuous variables.
What is the Pearson correlation coefficient (r)?
This American epidemiologist helped identify the link between smoking and lung cancer.
Who is Doll and Hill / Richard Doll?
This international organization provides emergency health response during humanitarian crises.
What is the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC)?
One of the key areas of Kazakhstan’s healthcare system that serves as the patient’s first point of contact and plays a crucial role in prevention, early detection, and treatment of a wide range of diseases.
What is primary health care (PHC)?
This statistical phenomenon occurs when associations observed at the group level do not hold at the individual level.
What is the ecological fallacy?
This statistic measures how much variability in the outcome is explained by the predictor variables in a regression model.
What is R-squared (R²)?
This epidemiologist helped stop the outbreak of Cholera in London at the Broad Street pump.
Who is John Snow?
This global partnership works to eliminate polio and other vaccine-preventable diseases.
What is the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI)?
Reducing mortality from this group of diseases is a core target of national public health programs.
What are non-communicable diseases?
During an outbreak, cases rise sharply and then decline quickly. This epidemic curve suggests which mode of transmission?
Point-source outbreak
In a clinical trial, this analysis includes all participants as originally assigned, regardless of whether they completed the intervention.
What is the intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis?
This physician and epidemiologist created a set of criteria to help determine whether an observed association between an exposure and an outcome is likely to be causal.
Who is Austin Bradford Hill?